Requirements nutrients

Fertilization of ponds to increase productivity is the next level of intensity with respect to fish culture, followed by provision of supplemental feeds. Supplemental feeds are those that provide some additional nutrition but caimot be depended upon to supply all the required nutrients. Provision of complete feeds, those that do provide all of the nutrients required by the fish, translates to another increase in intensity. Associated with one or more of the stages described might be the appHcation of techniques that lead to the maintenance of good water quaUty. Examples are continuous water exchange, mechanical aeration, and the use of various chemicals used to adjust such factors as pH, alkalinity, and hardness. 

National Research Council, Nutrient Requirements ofFish National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 1993. 

There is no best feed composition because animals thrive on diets composed of many different types of iagredients. Swiae and poultry generally adapt readily and rapidly to changes ia ingredient composition, as long as the diets provide adequate levels of essential nutrients. Tables 2 through 6 Hst information on the nutrient requirements of various types of swiae and poultry. 

Table 2. Nutrient Requirements of Broiler Chickens at Specific Ages, Weeks...

Table 5. Nutrient Requirements of Growing Swine Allowed Feed Ad Libitum ...

Derived plant and animal products make better use or upgrade the nutritional quaHty of already existing materials or products. Synthetic and manufactured products arose from knowledge of the functional properties of food ingredients and of human and animal nutrition that involved more precise definition of nutrient requirements for growth, reproduction, lactation, and body maintenance in both humans and domestic Hvestock. Pood products have been developed to meet human needs under abnormal environments, eg, military rations for arctic, tropical, or desert environments, and special products for astronauts ia space flights. 

Semifermentation Process. In this process, the metaboHc intermediate in the amino acid biosynthesis or the precursor thereof is added to the medium, which contains carbon and nitrogen sources, and other nutrients required for growth and production, and the metaboHte is converted to the... 

Grape and apple juices usually contain all of the trace nutrients required by Saccharomjces for fermentation of sugars to alcohol. Other fmit and diluted honey, as well as barley malt and rice extract, frequendy need additions of nitrogen, phosphoms, and potassium compounds, together with some autolyzed yeast to faciUtate the yeast growth necessary for fermentation. Stimulation oiy4.cetobacter frequendy requires the addition of autolyzed... 

Various species and many strains oiyAcetobacter are used in vinegar production (48,49). Aeration rates, optimum temperatures and nutrient requirements vary with individual strains. In general, fermentation alcohol substrates require minimal nutrient supplementation whde their addition is necessary for distilled alcohol substrates. 

Nutritional Requirements. The nutrient requirements of mammalian cells are many, varied, and complex. In addition to typical metaboHc requirements such as sugars, amino acids (qv), vitamins (qv), and minerals, cells also need growth factors and other proteins. Some of the proteins are not consumed, but play a catalytic role in the cell growth process. Historically, fetal calf semm of 1—20 vol % of the medium has been used as a rich source of all these complex protein requirements. However, the composition of semm varies from lot to lot, introducing significant variabiUty in manufacture of products from the mammalian cells. 

TABLE 25-40 Minor and Micro Nutrients Required for Biologically Mediated Reactors... 

The Action plans will also include options for controlling nutrient inputs in the upstream catchments of affected stillwaters. These are likely to include reduction of nutrients from both point and diffuse sources and a range of different combinations aimed at reaching the target concentrations of nutrients required to achieve control in the receiving waters. 

For a micro-organism to grow it must be supplied with all the nutrients required for cell material and energy production. 

Vitamins are a group of organic nutrients required in small quantities for a variety of biochemical functions and which, generally, cannot be synthesized by the body and must therefore be supphed in the diet. 

THE DETERMINATION OF NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS DEPENDS ON THE CRITERIA OF ADEQUACY CHOSEN... 

Recently, anaerobic filter process has been widely used for the treatment of various waste-waters because of several advantages over aerobic process such as lower nutrient requirement, less surplus sludge production, and energy recovery via methane production [1]. Although many types of anaerobic filter process have already been successfully commercialized, the details of their complicated process dynamics are still challenging issues to be clarified for their stable operations. 

Not all the nutrients required during fermentation are initially provided in the culture medium. Some are sterilized separately by batch or continuous sterilization and then added whilst the fermentation is in progress, usually via automatic systems that allow a preset programme of continuous or discrete aseptic additions. 

Second, the presence of anti-nutrients requires heightened stimulation of digestive secretions (Santoro et ah, 1997). This increases the costs of digestion, which are already appreciable (Tamminga et al, 1995). 

Generation of data on the nutrient content of agricultural products and foods forms the basis for estimating nutrient intakes of populations via dietary surveys, nutritional labelling for consumer protection, nutrition education for consumer food choice, home and institution menu planning and food purchase, and for research in nutrient requirements and metabolism, toxicant chemical composition is used to assess effects of farm management practices, crop culture, and food processing on chemical content and implications for human health. 

Deficiencies in nutrients such as folic acid and vitamin B12 may hinder this process of erythrocyte maturation.4,5 Folic acid and vitamin B12 are important nutrients required for the formation of DNA. In a setting where these nutrients are decreased, DNA synthesis is inhibited, and consequently, erythrocyte maturation also is inhibited.4,5 Poor diet can be a contributor to the deficiencies in these... 

The first step before delivering specialized nutrition support is to perform a nutritional assessment and determine nutrient requirements based on the patient s nutritional status and clinical conditions. Collect subjective and objective data to determine a patient s level of nutrition, to identify patients with malnutrition or at risk for malnutrition, and to identify risk factors that may put a patient at risk for nutrition-related problems.1 A nutrition assessment should include 1,19... 

For bioremediation, an initial feasibility study is always recommended, and the determination of nutrient requirements should be part of this study. The actual requirements are very much dependent upon the type of contaminants, which are often a mixture of compounds of variable biodegradability, and on the availability of nutrients in the specific contaminated soil, and should be determined with appropriate laboratory tests. However, there are guidelines that provide a useful basis for initial economic evaluations and for calculating ranges to be tested during the laboratory tests. 

---