Industry requirements

Since no commercially available Advanced Planning System was used and the data required for strategic network optimization could not be directly 

General setup Curencte Regions Countries Tariff 1 ctess Time periods Key 1 per meter  

Facility COStS exchange rates Transport costs 

Evaluation Create main tea e 1 2 1 4+ 1 1 dtarvKfwel axrclna CALOmATS Deports  

The visual user interface is clustered into four main segments (cf. Fig. 35) general setup, value chain model, external parameters and evaluation. The general setup items and a subset of the external parameters (e.g., transportation costs, exchange rates) can be used across multiple value 

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Often industry requires fast techniques to measure movements, deformations, etc. The optics methods, between them those based in speckle K gives quick solutions to this problems. 

Unfortunately, the main European companies which are working in the NDT field, do not show any activity in promoting in the Ukrainian market the high-technology NDT equipment for upgrading the NDT practices We welcome those who are starting to work in Ukraine, as our industry requires the advanced NDT technologies and equipment. 

Only relatively few compounds can act as primary explosives and still meet the restrictive military and industrial requirements for reflabiUty, ease of manufacture, low cost, compatibiUty, and long-term storage stabiUty under adverse environmental conditions. Most initiator explosives are dense, metaHoorganic compounds. In the United States, the most commonly used explosives for detonators include lead azide, PETN, and HMX. 2,4,6-Triamino-l,3,5-triuitrobenzene (TATB) is also used in electric detonators specially designed for use where stabiUty at elevated temperatures is essential. 

Typical COED syncmde properties are shown in Table 12. The properties of the oil products depend heavily on the severity of hydroprocessing. The degree of severity also markedly affects costs associated with hydrogen production and compression. Syncmdes derived from Western coals have much higher paraffin and lower aromatic content than those produced from Illinois coal. In general, properties of COED products have been found compatible with expected industrial requirements. 

Reciprocating Compressors. Prior to 1895, when Linde developed his air Hquefaction apparatus, none of the chemical processes used industrially required pressures much in excess of I MPa (145 psi) and the need for a continuous supply of air at 20 MPa provided the impetus for the development of reciprocating compressors. The introduction of ammonia, methanol, and urea processes in the early part of the twentieth century, and the need to take advantage of the economy of scale in ammonia plants, led to a threefold increase in the power required for compression from 1920 to 1940. The development of reciprocating compressors was not easy Htfle was known about the effects of cycles of fluctuating pressure on the behavior of the... 

Solving water pollution problems today involves a multidisciplinary approach in which the required water quaUty is related to agricultural, municipal, recreational, and industrial requirements. In many cases, a cost—benefit ratio must be estabUshed between the benefit derived from a specified water quaUty and the cost of achieving that quaUty. 

Although 600 m of water is used to make a metric ton of fertilizer, 150—240 m to make a tonne of steel, 480 m to make a tonne of gasoline, and 1000 m to make a tonne of acetate fiber, Htde if any is required chemically in any of these processes. Recycling can reduce industrial requirements by a factor of 10—50. Much of this water, particularly that for cooling, and often that for washing, can be saline. Some petroleum refiners have used salt water to remove heat (water s principal role in gasoline production), and some have actually produced table salt by evaporation in cooling towers. 

Suspended matter in raw water suppHes is removed by various methods to provide a water suitable for domestic purposes and most industrial requirements. The suspended matter can consist of large soflds, settleable by gravity alone without any external aids, and nonsettleable material, often colloidal in nature. Removal is generally accompHshed by coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation. The combination of these three processes is referred to as conventional clarification. 

Out of the 900 million tons of coal produced in the United States for domestic purposes in 1992, about 34 million tons were used for coking [10]. The overw helmmg majority of coal is consumed by the electric utilities. Nevertheless, in 1990, the United States steel industry required about 23 million tons of coke which was produced by the byproduct recovery slot oven [15] For a typical blast furnace, this translates to 0 5 tons of coke per ton of iron metal. 

Progress in research and development in the wood-based industry and in the adhesive industry has shown many successes during the last decades. On the other hand, many industrial requirements still require considerable and important developments in this area. The main driving forces today are cheaper , quicker and more complex . The first two are caused by the heightened competition in the above-mentioned industries and the attempt to minimize costs while maintaining a certain level of product quality and performance. The key word more complex stands for new and specialized products and processes. Adhesives play a central role in wood-based panel production. The quality of bonding, and hence the properties of the wood-based panels, are determined mainly by the type and quality of the adhesive. Development in wood-based panels, therefore, is always linked to development in adhesives and resins. 

Recognize certain certification bodies as providing services that meet industry requirements. 

The first step in minimizing accidents in a chemical phuit is to evaluate the facility for potential fires, explosions, and vulnerability to other liazards, particularly those of a chemical miture. This calls for a detailed study of plant site and layout, materials, processes, operations, equipment, and training, plus an effective loss prevention program. The technical nature of industry requires detailed data and a broad range of experience. Tliis complex task, today becoming the most important in plant design, is facilitated by the safety codes, standiu ds, and practice information available. The technical approach to evaluating die consequences of hazards is discussed later in tliis cliapter and in Part V (Chapters 20 and 21). 

Without a doubt, tetrafluoroborate and hexafluorophosphate ionic liquids have shortcomings for larger-scale technical application. The relatively high cost of their anions, their insufficient stability to hydrolysis for long-term application in contact with water (formation of corrosive and toxic HF during hydrolysis ), and problems related to their disposal have to be mentioned here. New families of ionic liquid that should meet industrial requirements in a much better way are therefore being developed. FFowever, these new systems will probably be protected by state of matter patents. 

The liquid nitrile rubbers are generally used as nonvolatile and nonextractable plasticizers. They also function as binders and modifiers for epoxy resins. Their moderate heat resistance limits their ability to meet industrial requirements. Hence, attempts have been made to improve their thermal and oxidative resistance by saturating the polymer backbone. 

The primary pump types for the chemical industry for horizontal and vertical inline applications have been standardized in ANSI B-123, ANSI Std B73.1M for horizontal end suction centrifugal pumps, and ANSI B73.2M for vertical inline centrifugal pumps. The standards are in a continuous process of upgrading to suit requirements of industry and the manufacturers. The API-610 standard is primarily a heavy duty application, such as is used for the refinery and chemical industry requirements. This is the only true world pump [21] standard, although the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is studying such an improved design [20]. 

PROCESS INDUSTRY REQUIREMENT DOUBLE MECHANICAL SEAL... 

Many industries require process steam at more than one pressure, and this can be done by use of a backpressure turbine supplying two process pressures (see Figure 15.18). 

Processes in the chemical industry require the control of temperatures of reactions where heat is liberated. Direct expansion refrigerant coils may constitute a hazard, and such heat exchangers generally use chilled water or brine. Coolers of this sort will be found in every branch of the chemical industry. 

By this time the industry required a more inclusive term to describe RPs, so composite was added. Thus the name in the plastics industry became Reinforced Plastic Composites. More recently they became known only as Composites. However composites identify many other combinations of basic materials (Table 6-18). The fiber reinforcements included higher modulus glasses, carbon, graphite, boron, aramid (strongest fiber in the world, five times as strong as steel on an equal-weight basis), whiskers, and others (Table 6-20 and Figs. 6-13 and 6-14). In... 

The detergent industry requires process equipment having high operation flexibility, low energy demand, low operation cost, consistent production yield, and, of course, ecological optimization with respect to effluents and air pollution control. To comply with these requirements, the continuous S03/gas sulfonation and double-step neutralization are the basic principles applied in multitube falling film reactor and Neutrex neutralization (Fig. 5). 

We have been fully occupied by our explorations. There has been no attempt as yet, in our laboratories or in others , to apply the chemistry to the synthesis of natural products or pharmaceuticals there has been no attempt to utilize the chemistry for industrial requirements, nor has there yet been any systematic effort to develop the physical organic aspects of this area. All that is still before us. Another major task before us is that of educating students in the experimental methods and techniques of this area of chemistry so that they will not hesitate to apply these fascinating new methods. Clearly we have uncovered a new continent, only partially explored. It will require a major effort on the part of many chemists to continue the exploration and to apply the chemistry for the benefit of mankind. 

Recent developments in drug discovery and drug development spurred the need for novel analytical techniques and methods. In the last decade, the biopharmaceutical industry set the pace for this demand. The nature of the industry required that novel techniques should be simple, easily applicable, and of high resolution and sensitivity. It was also required that the techniques give information about the composition, structure, purity, and stability of drug candidates. Biopharmaceuticals represent a wide variety of chemically different compounds, including small organic molecules, nucleic acids and their derivatives, and peptides and proteins. 

Applications The broad industrial analytical applicability of microwave heating was mentioned before (see Section 3.4.4.2). The chemical industry requires extractions of additives (antioxidants, colorants, and slip agents) from plastic resins or vulcanised products. So far there have been relatively few publications on microwave-assisted solvent extraction from polymers (Table 3.5). As may be seen from Tables 3.27 and 3.28, most MAE work has concerned polyolefins. 

General applications While capillary separation methods produce peak capacities, n, numbered in hundreds, many real-world mixtures (e.g. in the petroleum industry) require values of 104. This can only... 

Selective dissolution of the polymer may be used industrially to separate polymer from additives for recycling purposes. However, separation of PPE from its additives (CB, talc, mica) in integrated circuit board scrap by means of trichloroethylene would not seem to meet industrial requirements (toxicity, cost) [10]. 

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