Investigation techniques

Zohdy, A., G. Eaton, and D. Mabey. Application of Surface Geophysics to Groundwater Investigation, Techniques of Water Resource Investigation, Book II Chapter Dl, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1974, p.l4. 

These goals are listed in the order of importance to a company. Of greatest importance is to get near misses reported so that investigation can be used to learn from the incident. Note that incident investigation techniques are essentially the same whether applied to chemical reactivity hazards or to other hazards. 

Compared to other chiral separation techniques, the practical importance of CLEC is relatively low because of its complexity. Nevertheless, CLEC is one of the best-investigated techniques from the theoretical point of view. Many theoretical concepts developed in CLEC were of general interest for the explanation and prediction of chiral recognition in all chromatographic systems. 

Many major process safety incidents were preceded by precursor occurrences. These occurrences were unrecognized or ignored because nothing bad actually happened. The lessons learned from such occurrences, typically referred to as near misses, can be extremely valuable in averting disaster. However, this benefit is only realized when they are recognized, reported, and investigation techniques are properly applied. This chapter describes near misses, discusses their importance, and presents the latest methods for helping ensure appropriate near misses are reported. 

Were the investigation techniques applied correctly and fully ... 

Several theories of incident causation exist and each has associated investigation techniques. Incident investigators use their judgment to make adaptations to selected techniques based on the size and complexity of the investigation effort. Judgment based on knowledge and experience is important in determining how and why an incident occurred. 

Regardless of the realized outcome, there is a need and an opportunity to assign the right people to do the investigation. A small team of technicians who know the fundamentals of investigation techniques may be satisfactory for this type of incident. 

Many deductive investigation techniques use logic tree diagrams. A partial list of these methods includes fault tree analysis (FTA), causal tree... 

Some investigation techniques do not use OR-gates. If the team cannot figure out which input led to a top event, they stop tree development at that point. Speculation is not allowed. This is probably the best... 

Were the proper investigative techniques applied correcdy ... 

The review just presented has provided an overview of the more well used techniques for catalyst mechanism investigation. As faster computer power becomes available and more precise engineering, i.e. fabrication of nanostructures, becomes more developed catalyst science will progress to the next level. The next 30 years will include coupling of multiple investigation techniques with sophisticated computational analysis to further understand the role of catalyst surfaces for many industrially relevant reaction sequences. 

While these problems exist at present, the situation is certainly far from hopeless. As far as interpretational difficulties are concerned, the recognition of various complexities in the reactions studied is a spur to finding answers to the questions raised. At any rate, currently available investigative techniques are by no means exhausted. Considerable expansion of understanding can be expected as reactions are studied in greater detail. 

The regulation of osmotic pressure within the cell and the control of the passage of water into or out of the cell is dependent to a considerable extent on the control of the potassium and sodium in the cell by the transport systems of the cell wall. The cell wall itself is of protein-lipid composition and is 111 general impermeable to the passage of water and inorganic salts. Recent studies of the cell walls with elecrron microscopes and with the use of other investigative techniques indicate that the cell wall contains pores... 

The following data are provided for the distinct compounds composition, molecular structure, synthetic approach (according to the numeration in the Chapter 2), and main properties (such as physical state, color, m.p., b.p., sublimation temperature (°C/mm Hg), solubility, molecular complexity, magnetic moment etc.). Then are mentioned the investigation techniques and given references. The data provided in the tables are shortly discussed for each element (or group of elements) in short reviews accompanying each table. 

Proposed future work in our group will continue to involve the need for special targets. In particular, we are investigating techniques to prepare radioactive targets of 150Eu (30y) and 227Ac (22y) for charged-particle... 

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