Technological capabilities upgrading

Pharmaceutical Standards in Africa The Road to Improvement and Their Role in Technological Capability Upgrading... 

The entry of the petroleum companies into the polymer/petrochemical revolution proved a critically important development and required significant upgrading of their technological capabilities. The entry can be dated by the delivery of experimental high-octane gasoline in 1934 by Shell to the Army Air Force at Wright Field. Within a year. Shell, Jersey Standard, and Phillips... 

Pharmaceutical manufacturers face constant competitive and regulatory pressure to upgrade their technological capabilities, and the evolutionary framework of analysis emphasizes the extent to which this upgrading relies on both firm-level investment building on existing capabilities, and also on the benefits that accrue from its surrounding industrial base. Chapter 1 briefly noted that African countries broader... 

Second, the vaccine industry is small and unstable. It basically consists of four major pharmaceutical firms many smaller, older vaccine manufacturers and a number of biotech firms. In 2001, the dominant vaccine manufacturers in the U.S. market were Merck, Aventis Pasteur, Glaxo, and Wyeth-Ayerst (now Wyeth). Annual vaccine sales for these four firms are in the 1 billion range for each of the first three companies and around 500 million for Wyeth. Recent reports, such as those on the shortage of influenza vaccine, indicate that these firms confront a number of problems in vaccine production. A number of smaller firms hold FDA licenses for vaccines based on technology from earlier eras and face disincentives, including prohibitively high capital costs, to upgrade production capabilities to... 

Other technology improvements, such as position control for electric platens, as well as the speed capabilities of electric drive systems for platen-drive systems, sheet-wheel rotate systems, and sheet-car transfer systems, have provided faster and more consistent machinery for fabricators to operate. Use is made of the latest in computer design technology to ensure both the electrical and mechanical design integrity of all its equipment and to upgrade the systems it provides for all its customers. These include a full array of services for cut-sheet and roll-fed customers including new equipment. 

Program. Based on IMS technology, the ICAM upgrades the CAM with improved reliability and maintainability. It is a handheld device for real-time detection of low levels of nerve and mustard vapors and is capable of both day and night operation. More than 6,000 ICAMs have been procured to date. 

Application Metocene polypropylene (PP) technology upgrades existing and newly built PP plants by extending plant capability to cover specialty PP products with specific and unique features that can be produced with single-site catalysis, in addition to the existing conventional product portfolio. 

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