Oil, upgrading

Air Pollution. Particulates and sulfur dioxide emissions from commercial oil shale operations would require proper control technology. Compliance monitoring carried out at the Unocal Parachute Creek Project for respirable particulates, oxides of nitrogen, and sulfur dioxide from 1986 to 1990 indicate a +99% reduction in sulfur emissions at the retort and shale oil upgrading faciUties. No violations for unauthorized air emissions were issued by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency during this time (62). 

Dean, R. R., Hibble, P. W., and Brown, G. W., Crude Oil Upgrading Utilizing Residual Oil Fluid Catalyst Cracking, presented at Katalistiks 8th Annual FCC Symposium, Budapest, Hungary, June 1-, 1987. 

Bio-oil upgrading over Ga modified zeolites in a bubbling fluidized bed reactor... 

Industrial applications of zeolites cover a broad range of technological processes from oil upgrading, via petrochemical transformations up to synthesis of fine chemicals [1,2]. These processes clearly benefit from zeolite well-defined microporous structures providing a possibility of reaction control via shape selectivity [3,4] and acidity [5]. Catalytic reactions, namely transformations of aromatic hydrocarbons via alkylation, isomerization, disproportionation and transalkylation [2], are not only of industrial importance but can also be used to assess the structural features of zeolites [6] especially when combined with the investigation of their acidic properties [7]. A high diversity of zeolitic structures provides us with the opportunity to correlate the acidity, activity and selectivity of different structural types of zeolites. 

Conversion of lignocellulose into transportation fuels via pyrolysis and subsequent oil upgrading [72], via gasification and subsequent Fischer-Tropsch or methanol synthesis [3], via hydrolysis and subsequent fermentation to ethanol or subsequent conversion into ethyl levulinate [45, 46, 73]. 

In newer RDS applications the hydroprocessing unit is an integral part of the overall crude oil upgrading scheme to produce transportation fuels such as gasoline and kerosene. The RDS unit may operate independently of, or in combination with, other refinery conversion units, depending on the particular feedstock and product demand (Howell et al., 1985 Siewert etal., 1985). Hydroprocessing requirements and catalyst requirements are dictated by the processing route chosen. 

Both hydrogen addition and carbon rejection processes will be necessary in any realistic scheme of heavy oil upgrading (Suchanek and Moore, 1986). Most coker products require hydrogenation and most hydrotreated products require some degree of fractionation. For example, to maximize yields of transport fuels from Maya crude, efficient carbon rejection followed by hydrogenation may be necessary. There are various other approaches to the processing of other heavy oil residua (Bakshi and Lutz, 1987 Johnson et al., 1985). As of now, it is not known which combination of processes best converts a heavy feedstock into salable products. 

The ASCOT process is a residual oil upgrading process which integrates the delayed coking process and the deep solvent deasphalting process (low energy deasphalting, LED A) (Bonilla, 1985 Bonilla and Elliott, 1987 Hydrocarbon Processing, 1996). 

Bishop, W. 1990. Proceedings. Symposium on Heavy Oil Upgrading to Refining. Canadian Society for Chemical Engineers, p. 14. 

Oil/fuel industry > Hydrogen addition to heavy oils > Upgrading of bitumen from oil sands > Producing synthetic gas from coal... 

Ultra heavy oil upgrading ch15 Heat (Steam) Hydrogen SCO (CH2) Gasoline diesel oil, etc. Canada, S. Africa, US, Japan Upgrading from bitumen from oil sands... 

Neurock, M., A. Nigam, D.T. Trauth, and M.T. Klein, Asphaltene Pyrolysis Pathways and Kinetics Feedstock Dependence, in Tar Sand and Oil Upgrading Technology. S. Shih and M.C. Oballa, eds., AIChE Symposium Series, 72-79,1991. 

Bousquet, J. Devanneaux, J. Peries, J.P. ASVAHL Hydrocatalytic Process for Heavy Oil Upgrading presented at 3rd International Conference on Heavy Crude and Tarsands Long Beach, California July 22-31,1985... 

Yang, Guanghua. Overview paper presented to International Symposium on Heavy Oil Upgrading and Utilization. May 5-8, International Academic Publisher, Fushun, China, 1991. 

H. Fukuyama, T. Satoshi, U. Masayuki, J. Cano and J. Ancheyta. Active carbon catalyst for heavy oil upgrading. Catalysis Today, 98, 207-215 (2004). 

Nickel - molybdenum - alumina catalysts doped with fluoride and/or lithium, AlChE Symp. Ser, Tar Sand and Oil Upgrading, (eds S S. Shih and c.M- Oballa) (submitted for publication). 

RENEWED ATTENTION TO THE EUREKA PROCESS THERMAL CRACKING PROCESS AND RELATED TECHNOLOGIES FOR RESIDUAL OIL UPGRADING... 

The EUREKA process is a commercially proven thermal craeking process of semi-batch reactors system to produce valuable cracked oil and aromatic petroleum pitch from heavy residual material. The first unit was built in Sodegaura Refinery of Fuji Oil, Japan in 1975. The second unit was built in Nanjing, P. R. China in 1988. Both the units are now operated effectively for heavy oil upgrading. 

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