Tissues cells

C12H20O4. M.p. 165°C. A plant growth hormone, which is produced in damaged plant tissue, and on diffusing into adjacent intact tissue cells stimulates them to divide. Traumatic acid has been isolated from the pods of green beans. 

Mast cells are connective tissue cells that can release histamine under certain conditions. 

Other tissues/cells Inhibition of growth factor (IGF 1, EGF, PDGF)and cytokine (IL6, IFN-y) secretion... 

For most tissues, cells and organs, the effects of cold on the cellular membrane are fully reversible. Cells cooled to 1 °C to 4 °C for short periods of time (about four hours) can regain normal cellular functions, including membrane-linked functions, when rewarmed. This seems to suggest that the phase transition in the membrane-bound phospholipids is reversible when the temperature is elevated to normothermia. 

Fig. 4. Regulatory T-cell functions suppression of DCs that support the generation of effector T cells suppression of ThI, Th2, and ThI 7 cells suppression of allergen-specific IgE and induction of lgG4, IgA, or both suppression of mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils interaction with resident tissue cells and remodeling, and suppression of effectorT-cell migration to tissues. 

Phospholipases are produced by organisms such as CL perfringens (cc-toxin). These kill tissue cells by hydrolysing phospholipids present in cell membranes. 

A standardized viral suspension is exposed, in the presence of yeast suspension, to appropriate dilutions of disinfectant in WHO hard water. At appropriate times, dilutions are made in inactivated horse serum and each dilution is inoculated into tissue cell culture or embryonated eggs (as appropriate for the test virus). The drop in infectivity of the treated virus is compared with that of the control (untreated) virus. 

Since disinfectant itself might be toxic to the tissue culture or eggs, a toxicity test must also be carried out. Here, appropriate dilutions of disinfectant are mixed with inactivated horse serum and inoculated into tissue cells or eggs (as appropriate). These are examined daily for damage. 

Lecithinase is produced by Clostridium perfringens. This is a calcium-dependent lecithinase whose activity depends on the ability to split lecithin. Since lecithin is present in the membrane of many different kinds of cells, damage can occur throughout the body. Lecithinase causes the hydrolysis of erythrocytes and the necrosis of other tissue cells. 

Damage to the host may arise in two ways. First, multiplication of the microorganisms may cause mechanical damage to the tissue cells through interference with the normal cell metabolism, as seen in viral and some bacterial infections. Second, a toxin associated with the microorganism may adversely affect the tissues or organs of the host. Two types of toxins, called exotoxins and endotoxins, are associated with bacteria. 

Galactan synthase in relation to (l->4)-P-D-galactan levels in tissue cell walls... 

The importance of vitamin E for maintenance of lipid integrity in vivo is emphasized by the fact that it is the only major lipid-soluble chain-breaking antioxidant found within plasma, red cells and tissue cells. Esterbauer etal. (1991) have shown that the oxidation resistance of LDL increases proportionately with a-tocopherol concentration. In patients with RA, synovial fluid concentrations of a-tocopherol are significantly lower relative to paired serum samples (Fairburn et al., 1992). The low level of vitamin E within the inflamed joint implies it is being consumed via its role in terminating lipid peroxidation and this will be discussed further in Section 3.3. 

DC, dendritic cell EC, endothelial cell EpC, epithelial cell FDC, follicular dendritic cell FDL, foot draining lymph FLS, fibroblast-like synoviocyte MC, mast cell MDDC, monocyte-derived dendritic cell MLS, macrophage-like synoviocyte MNC, mononuclear cell Mo, monocyte M0, macrophage OB, osteoblast pDC, plasmacytoid dendritic cell PMNs, polymorphonuclear neutrophils SC, stromal cell STC, synovium tissue cell TB, trabecular bone. 

Organ, tissue, cell disposition Disease-dependent release Excretion routes/rates... 

Cullen CF, Milner MJ 1991 Parameters of growth in primary cultures and cell lines established from Drosophila imaginal discs. Tissue Cell 23 29—39 Davis KT, Shearn A 1977 In vitro growth of imaginal disks from Drosophila melanogaster. Science... 

Axon terminal with multiple varicosities releases neurotransmitter over wide surface area affecting many tissue cells Gap junctions allow spread of nervous stimulation throughout tissue... 

Synapses between the autonomic postganglionic neuron and effector tissue — the neuroeffector junction — differ greatly from the neuron-to-neuron synapses discussed previously in Chapter 5 (see Table 9.1). The postganglionic fibers in the ANS do not terminate in a single swelling like the synaptic knob, nor do they synapse directly with the cells of a tissue. Instead, the axon terminals branch and contain multiple swellings called varicosities that lie across the surface of the tissue. When the neuron is stimulated, these varicosities release neurotransmitter over a large surface area of the effector tissue. This diffuse release of the neurotransmitter affects many tissue cells simultaneously. Furthermore, cardiac muscle and most smooth muscle have gap junctions between cells. These specialized intercellular communications... 

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