Animal tissue cell disruption

Cancer is a disease present in people and animals in which the stracture and normal function of body tissues are disrupted. The exact etiology of most types of cancer is unknown. However, it is well known that infections, environmental factors (chemical substances, foreign particles, radiation), and genetic factors can induce transformation of normal cells to neoplastic cells, i.e. those that multiply and function abnormally. 

A less gentle, but widely used, solubilization device is the common electric blender. This method may be used for plant or animal tissue, but it is not effective for disruption of bacterial cell walls. A blender that is more scientifically designed is the rotor stator homogenizer. The stator is a hollow tube and the rotor, attached to the stator, is a rapidly turning knife blade. Cells are torn apart by the turbulence and shear generated by the rotor. 

In vivo studies in animals suggest that endosulfan may disrupt normal reproductive hormone levels in male animals, but that it is not an endocrine disrupter in females. Persistent depressed testicular testosterone was seen in male rats after intermediate duration oral exposures to endosulfan. In ovariectomized female rats, orally administered endosulfan did not induce normal development of female reproductive tissues, and in female mice and immature female rats, acute parenteral exposure to endosulfan did not affect several endocrine-related end points. In vitro studies have evaluated endosulfan for estrogen receptor (ER) and cytosolic protein binding affinity, ER-mediated reporter gene expression, estrogenic induction of cell proliferation, and alteration of relative abundance of active estradiol metabolites. Overall, in vitro evidence in favor of endosulfan estrogenicity indicates relatively weak potency compared to 17[3-estradiol. Apparently contradictory results were reported in different... 

Disruption of microbial cells (and, indeed, some animal/plant tissue types) is most often achieved by mechanical methods, such as homogenization or by vigorous agitation with abrasives. 

Studies of the enzyme content of cells frequently involve the use of coarse tissue samples of either animal or plant origin. In such cases some preliminary dissection of the tissue may be necessary to isolate the relevant tissue components and remove unwanted structural material such as collagen, cellulose, etc., before moving on to the more critical disruption of the cells. Sometimes it is possible to use the technique of tissue culture to provide pure cell preparations for subsequent studies. 

The size of the glass beads is important. The optimal size for bacteria and spores is 0.1 mm it is 0.5 mm for yeast, mycelia, microalgae, and unicellular animal cells such as leucocytes or tissue culture cells. The speed of disruption... 

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