Neutrophils polymorphonuclear

In the very early phases of the acute inflammatory response most of the cells invading the damaged area are polymorphonuclear neutrophils, also denoted as PMNs, which serve as initial line of defense and source of proinflammatory cytokines. These cells, which usually live for 4-5 days, circulate in the blood until they are attracted by chemokines into injured tissues. Whereas physical injury does not recruit many neutrophils, infections with bacteria or fungi elicit a striking neutrophil response. The characteristic pus of a bacterial abscess is composed mainly of apoptotic (apoptosis) and necrotic PMNs. Emigration of neutrophils from the blood starts with a process denoted as margination where neutrophils come to lie at the periphery of flowing blood cells and adhere to endothelial cells (Fig. 1). L-Selectin is expressed... 

PLP Proteolipid protein PLT Primed lymphocyte typing PMA Phorbol myristate acetate PMC Peritoneal mast cell PMN Polymorphonuclear neutrophil... 

WBC differential (bone marrow) Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) 3-11 %... 

DC, dendritic cell EC, endothelial cell EpC, epithelial cell FDC, follicular dendritic cell FDL, foot draining lymph FLS, fibroblast-like synoviocyte MC, mast cell MDDC, monocyte-derived dendritic cell MLS, macrophage-like synoviocyte MNC, mononuclear cell Mo, monocyte M0, macrophage OB, osteoblast pDC, plasmacytoid dendritic cell PMNs, polymorphonuclear neutrophils SC, stromal cell STC, synovium tissue cell TB, trabecular bone. 

The CB2 receptor has a more limited distribution, being localized predominantly in the immune system. Among the human leukocytes, B lymphocytes express the highest levels of CB2, followed respectively by natural killer cells, monocytes, polymorphonuclear neutrophils, T8 lymphocytes, and T4 lymphocytes. It is also found in the lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, and thymus (Cabral, 1999). 

G. Larfars, F. Lantoine, M.A. Devynck, and H. Gyllenhammar, Electrochemical detection of nitric oxide production in human polymorphonuclear neutrophil leukocytes. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 59, 361-368 (1999). 

Binding of IFN-y to its surface receptor on polymorphonuclear neutrophils induces increased expression of the gene coding for a neutrophil cell surface protein capable of binding the Fc portion (i.e. the constant region see also Box 13.2) of IgG. This greatly increases the phagocytotic and cytotoxic activities of these cells. 

Ahlin, A. et al., Gamma interferon treatment of patients with chronic granulomatous disease is associated with augmented production of nitric oxide by polymorphonuclear neutrophils, Clin. Diagn. Lab Immunol, 6, 420, 1999. 

Ackerman, M., et. al., Selective inhibition of polymorphonuclear neutrophil activity by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 101, 470, 1989. 

S., Kawai, C. (1991). Calmodulin-independent nitric oxide synthase from rat polymorphonuclear neutrophils. J. Biol. Chem. 266, 3369-71. 

Cicco, N. A., Lindemann, A., Content, J., Vandenbussche, P., Lubbert, M., Gauss, J., Mertelsmann, R., Herrmann, F. (1990). Inducible production of Interleukin-6 by human polymorphonuclear neutrophils Role of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Blood 75,2049-52. 

Lindemann, A., Riedel, D., Oster, W., Meuer, S. C., Blohm, D., Mertelsmann, R. H., Herrmann, F. (1988). Granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor induces interleukin 1 production by human polymorphonuclear neutrophils. J. Immunol. 140, 837-9. 

Lloyd, A. R., Oppenheim, J. J. (1992). Poly s lament The neglected role of the polymorphonuclear neutrophil in the afferent limb of the immune response. Immunol. Today 13,169-72. 

The efficacy of human G-CSF was initially evaluated in simian preclinical trials. Monkeys treated with subcutaneous injections of G-CSF showed a dose-related increase in polymorphonuclear neutrophils. These initial studies also evaluated two cyclophosphamide-treated animals. G-CSF... 

The increased expression of adhesion molecules by the endothelium may activate polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) in rabbits [72], During endotoxic shock, activated PMNs release their granule content and secrete both proinflammatory and cytotoxic molecules. Pickaver et al. [73] were the first to show PMN cytotoxicity against tumor cells. We showed that PMNs are toxic for PROb colon tumor cells [74] in BDEX rats. In vivo, PMNs have been implicated in the Schwartzman reaction [75], and may be involved in LPS-induced tumor necrosis. PMNs, when activated by LPS, synthesize and release NO. The role of NO in tumor growth will be discussed later. The decrease in tumor growth after intradermal injections of LPS is attributed to the induction of TNF-a secretion by PMNs both in intradermal tumors (Meth A sarcoma in BALB/c mice, MH-134 hepatoma in C3H/He mice, Lewis Lung carcinomas in C57BL/6 mice) and pulmonary Meth A metastases [76,77],... 

The plasma-membrane bound superoxide-generating flavoprotein (superoxide synthetase) of human polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) has been solubilized by Triton X-100and deoxycholate and purified. The enzyme catalyses the reaction ... 

Just as the erythrocyte provided the first homogeneous superoxide dismutase the granulocyte has been the exemplar of the cell which forms O in a controlled and apparently purposive manner. In the years following the demonstration by Babior et al. that polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) formed O when stimulated with... 

Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of post-traumatic and sepsis-related complications such as acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), a prominent form of end-organ damage that... 

Symington, F.W., Hedges, D.L. and Hakomori, S. (1985) Glycolipid antigens of human polymorphonuclear neutrophils and the inducible HL-60 myeloid leukemia line. Journal of Immunology 134, 2498-2506. 

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