Horse serum

Human serum Horse serum Horse serum s Porcine parotid gland Electric eel organ ... 

J. G. Kidd. Regression of transplanted lymphomas induced in vivo by means of normal guinea pig serum. 1. Course of transplanted cancers of various kinds in mice and rats given guinea pig serum, horse serum or rabbit serum. J. Exp. Med. 97 565 (1953). 

Pferde-bohne, /. horse bean, -dung, -diinger, m. horse manure, -fett, n. horse fat, horse grease, -fieisch, n. horse fiesh, horse meat, -fussdl, n. horse s-foot oil. -haar, n. horsehair. -hamsaure, /. hippurie aeid. -kamm-fett, n. horse grease, -kraft, /. horsepower, -kraftstunde, /. horsepower hour, -milch, /. mare s milk, -minze, /. horsemint. -mist, m. horse manure, -serum, n. horse serum. -stUrke, /. horsepower. 

Calf kidneys, dog kidneys and rhesus monkey kidneys were treated with trypsin to give suspensions of cells. The suspensions were centrifuged and the packed cells diluted with 400 volumes (calf cells) or 200 volumes (dog cells and rhesus monkey cells) of a growth medium consisting of 5% horse serum and 0.5% lactalbumen hydrolysate in Earle s saline, with 100 units/ml each of penicillin and streptomycin. These media were used separately to produce Semliki Forest/calf interferon, Semliki Forest/dog interferon and Semliki Forest/rhesus monkey interferon. The cell-containing growth medium was dispensed into 500 ml medical flat bottles (70 ml in each). The cultures were incubated at 36°C. Confluent sheets of cells (monolayers) were formed in 5 to 6 days. The growth medium was then removed and the monolayers were washed with isotonic phosphate-buffered saline, pH 7.5. 

The antivenins are contraindicated in patients with hypersensitivity to horse serum or any other component of the serum. 

Culture of Pheochromoqtoma Cells (PC12 Cells). PC12 cells, kindly supplied by Dr. H. Hatanaka of our institute, were maintained in Dulbecco s modified Eagle s medium containing 5% heat-inactivated horse serum. 

A standardized viral suspension is exposed, in the presence of yeast suspension, to appropriate dilutions of disinfectant in WHO hard water. At appropriate times, dilutions are made in inactivated horse serum and each dilution is inoculated into tissue cell culture or embryonated eggs (as appropriate for the test virus). The drop in infectivity of the treated virus is compared with that of the control (untreated) virus. 

Since disinfectant itself might be toxic to the tissue culture or eggs, a toxicity test must also be carried out. Here, appropriate dilutions of disinfectant are mixed with inactivated horse serum and inoculated into tissue cells or eggs (as appropriate). These are examined daily for damage. 

The first official test was published by the Food, Drug and Insecticide Administration of the US Department of Agriculture, in which portions of the preparation were placed on the surface of nutrient agar inoculated with Staph, aureus. After incubation the zones of inhibition, if ary, around the preparation were measmed. This test was modified later by incorporating 10% of horse serum in the agar to simulate conditions in a woimd and a control consisting of unmedicated base was also used in each experiment. This test is known as the cup-plate test (see also section 3.6.3 and Fig. 11.5). 

Serum sickness. This occurs when there is an excess of anhgen to antibody, resulting in the formation of soluble complexes. These may circulate and cause systemic reactions or be widely deposited in the kidneys, joints and skin. A rise in temperature, swollen lymph nodes, a generalized urticarial rash and painful swollen joints occur. The rcpeated administration of foreign serum (e.g. antidiphtheria serum or antitetanus serum prepared in horses) can lead to this condition due to antibodies being produced to the horse protein material. 

Diol bonded silica Glucosamine, bovine serum albumin, immunoglobulin, acetylcholine esterase, horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase [136]... 

Primary antibody incubation. Prepare primary antibody cocktail in the blocking buffer (5% normal horse serum, buffer + azide), and incubate 1 h at room temperature. We typically use a mix of mouse, rabbit, goat, and/or chicken primary antibodies together see Table 5.2 for appropriate dilutions of the recommended antibodies. At this point (or during secondary antibody incubation), it is usually safe to incubate the samples overnight at 4°. 

Add 5 ml Antibiotic-Antimycotic (lOOx, cat. 15240-062) and 50 ml heat-inactivated horse serum (cat. 16050-122) to make complete MEM (used for neuron plating and glial culture). For neuron plating, the complete MEM could be kept for a couple of months at 4°. However, for glial culture, a freshly thawed serum aliquot should be used for each culture. Obvious growth retardation in glial culture is observed when using 1-month-old complete MEM stored at 4°. 

By a careful fractionation of normal horse serum, involving as an essential part of the process a separation of closely related substances by the Schtitz168 foam technique, Bader, Schiitz and Stacey16 obtained a crystalline mucoprotein with high choline esterase activity. This appears to be the first mucoprotein obtained without the use of heat or alcohol, and while it is not yet claimed that the crystalline material is indeed the enzyme itself, arguments are advanced to show that the enzymic activity is closely bound up with mucoprotein structure. 

Materials required AChE preparations, commercial acetylcholinesterase, horse (blood) serum preparation, human (blood) serum preparation, or matrix biotests with these immobilized enzyme (see section 15.2.1)... 

Horse, Equus caballus serum United States 0.002 (0.0013-0.0025) FW 21... 

Procedure. Ten tests are done in series 0.1ml of horse Hb solution is pipetted into each beaker 0.020 ml serum is added to nine of the beakers. The content of the remaining one is used as a blank. Three ml 0.1 M KI is added to each beaker. A mixture of 100 ml acetate buffer, 10 ml ethyl hydroperoxide solution and 10ml iodine solution (8) is then prepared. (This mixture is only fit for use for 20 minutes.) At 60-second intervals 10 ml of this mixture is added to the beakers. Nine minutes and 15 seconds after the addition, 2 drops of starch solution are added, and titration with 0.01 N Na2SaOa is started after 9 minutes and 30 seconds. The titration should last, as closely as possible, 30 seconds. The temperature is measured in the reaction mixture. 

Treatment—Since C. botulinum toxin blocks the actions of nerves that activate muscles necessary for breathing, an antitoxin can be injected up to about 24 hours (based on monkey studies) after exposure to a lethal toxin dose and still prevent death. The two types of available antitoxins prepared from horse sera are trivalent (includes types A, B, E) and heptavalent (types A, B, C, D, E, F, and G) preparations. It should be noted that patients face a theoretical risk of developing serum sickness from such antitoxins. 

There is some confusion in the literature regarding the substances designated as anti-choline-esterases (usually shortened to anticholinesterases). The term cholinesterase was first used1 in connexion with an enzyme present in the blood serum of the horse which catalysed the hydrolysis of acetylcholine and of butyrylcholine, but exhibited little activity towards methyl butyrate,... 

Their specimen of cholinesterase was prepared from horse serum by the method of Stedman and Stedman,1 and the method of estimation was that of Ammon.2 The enzyme solution was placed in the right-hand flask of a Barcrofb manometer, in a total volume of 3 ml. of 0-2 per cent NaHC03 solution the gas phase was 5 per cent C02 in Na. The reaction, carried out at 20°, was started by adding a solution containing 2 mg. of acetylcholine chloride. The C02 output was usually linear until about 100 fi. had been produced. 

Fig. 12. Progress curve of inhibition of horse-serum cholinesterase by eserine and by di -isopropyl phosphorofluoridate in the absence of a substrate at pH 7-4 and 20°. x---x, 5x 10 8 M eserine O—O.ca. 3 x 10-10 M di-isopropyl phosphorofluoridate.

Effect of substrate concentration. In the following experiments the cholinesterase activities were measured by a continuous titration method. The digest of acetylcholine and horse-serum cholinesterase (total vol. 10 ml.), containing bromothymol blue and 0-0002 m phosphate, was titrated with 0-01 n NaOH to maintain the pH at 7-4. The titrations, which were carried out at 20°, were linear over a period of 10-15 min. The velocity was expressed as ml. 0-01 n NaOH/5 min. under the conditions used, it was proportional to the enzyme concentration. When an inhibitor was added, this was equilibrated with the enzyme, etc., for 5 min. at 20° before adding the substrate contained in a volume of 1 ml. 

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