Sweden

Even if energy use is high in Sweden, CO2 emissions per capita are low, thanks to a large share of hydro, nuclear and bio-fuels. CO2 emissions in 1997 were 6.6 t/capita in Sweden. This can be compared to about 8.5 t/capita in EU15 and about 12 t/capita in the OECD (STEM 1999). Since the early 1970s CO2 emissions have been reduced by almost 50%, mainly due to the conversion from oil to electricity and bio-fuels used for heating (Regeringens Proposition 2003). 

According to the EU Burden Sharing Agreement (BSA) of the Kyoto protocol, Sweden s emissions for 2008-2012 may increase by 4% compared to the 1990 level. This is in contrast to the EU Kyoto commitment of a reduction of 8%. The reason why Sweden could negotiate an increase in emissions can largely be explained by the fact that Sweden 

The climate policy from 2002 also includes a long-term target. Sweden will try to direct international climate work towards the objective of stabilising the atmospheric concentrations at 550 ppm. In the year 2050 the Swedish emissions will be lower than 4.5 t per capita per year and thereafter decrease further. In order to accomplish this target, international cooperation and measures in other countries will be necessary (Regeringens Proposition 2003/04 31). 

2 Description of the National Allocation Plan process 1.2.1 Phases, timetables and actors 

May 2003 The FlexMex2 Commission presented a report to the government on principles for allocation within the EU ETS. These principles had been developed through analyses of different allocation methods at sector level, using currently available emission data for about 450 installations (corresponding to about 90% of the emission volume in the Swedish National Allocation Plan (NAP)). In this proposal, allocation was based on historic emissions. For process emissions (metallurgy, cement, catalytic cracker), the projected increases were added to the allocation. An allocation scheme based on these principles at sector level was presented (SOU 2003). 

Imported Inorganic Chemical Elements, Oxides and Halogen Salts in Sweden, 2002 

Country of Origin Rank Value (000 US ) % Share Cumulative % 

Source Philip M. PARKER, Professor, INSEAD, copyright 2002, www.icongrouponline.com 

The Karolinska Institute in Stockholm is one of the leading centers of peptide and protein research in the world. The definitive method of sequence determination, developed there by Pehr Edman (cf. p. 118), (Plate 15) is only one of the examples of early interest in peptide chemistry in Sweden. Peptide-related work can be found outside of the Karolinska as well. Thus, the studies of Georg Folch in G0teborg, also in the nineteen fifties, on the synthesis of phosphoserine and phosphoserine containing peptides, should be remembered here. 

In principle, results of clinical trials should be published. Upon publication, the relevance of the results should be assessed, considering the significance of the disease as well as the clinical effort involved, and the associated financial costs of the procedure or measure investigated. It should be stated in the publication that this was a company-sponsored clinical trial and the sponsor must be mentioned. 

When publishing the results of a clinical trial, a statement or footnote that clearly indicates the sponsor of the clinical trial must be made. When presenting the results of a clinical trial during lectures, congresses and the like, sponsorship must also be mentioned likewise, any possible financial interest of the authors must be clearly indicated. 

The interpretation of the results of a clinical trial must be independent of the interests of the sponsors. 

Material relating to medicines and their uses, whether or not promotional in nature, must clearly indicate the sponsor, if any. 

Market research material, which need not reveal the company name, must state nevertheless that a pharmaceutical company sponsors it. 

The Woric Environment Inspectorate within ttie Swedish Work Environment Authority (SWEA) is responsible for enforcement of the exposure Umils. 

Eenforcement powers. Until 2001 the and Safely Agency consisted of the 

In the insp tion notice the employer is given a time limit to report how the work environment deficiencies which have been described have been dealt with or what plans exist for dealing with them. The inspection notice is not a formal decision by the authority but Em E peal to the emplc er to take the measures whidi work environment legislation requires. The inspection notice cannot be appesded against 

If the en loyer does not rectify the deficiencies mentioned in the inspection notice, the SWEA can issue mi injunction ot prohibition, an order to remedy the deficiencies or prohibit a certain handling or other operatioiL The SWEA can also issue mi injunction or prohibition of fids kind under penalty of a fine. An injunction or prohibition is a formal decision made by the authmity and can be api fied a inst The record of decision gives the time limit for eal and indicate where the aj eal can be submitted. 

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T. Stepimki, L. Ericsson, M. Gustafsson - Uppsala Uni.. B. Vagnhammar -lAR Systems. Sweden. 

A.S. Eriksson - ABB TRC. J. Mattsson - Defence Research Establishment. J. Niklasson - Chalmers Uni. of Technology. Sweden. 

The Scania plant at Falun in Sweden manufaetures bus and truck steering knuckles. These are safety-critical components that are specified as having to be crack-free. For this reason, every component is now inspected using an automatic process that ensures the appropiate inspection is consistently canied out to the required standards of quality. Photos of the system are shown in Fig 1. The principle of operation is as follows. 

Eriksson A.S., Soderman L, Mattsson J., Niklasson J., Modelling of ultrasonics in austenitic materials, 14 lnt. Conf. onNDE. 24-26 September, 1996, Stokholm, Sweden. 

The system has been in full use during the shutdown periods of 1996 and 97 in the nuclear industry in Sweden. Performed tests have produced excellent results under sometimes difficult conditions... 

The system has recently been used with success for inspection of 11 inclined nozzle welds during the R1 SPRINT project at Vattenfall Ringhals, Sweden during the summer 1997. At the moment a full system and personal qualification is prepared for inspection of the pressurizer spray nozzle weld at Vattenfall Ringhals, block 2 at May, 1998. 

P. Shaw - FORCE Institute, Sweden CIVIL ENGINEERING... 

J. Backersgard - SAQ Kontroll, Sweden. J. Gunn, Longview Inspection, USA. POWER STATIONS... 

Karlstrdms, M., Magnusson Seger, M., Crack estimation with linear filtered tomosynthesis , ISSN 1400-3902, Dept of Electrical Engineering Linkoping, Sweden (1998). 

K. Andersson, M, Blomberg, M, Fiilscher, G. Karlstrom, R. Lindh, P.-A, Malmqvist, P. Neogrady, J. Olsen, B, Roos, A, Sadlej, M. Schiitz, L. Seijo, L. Serrano-Andres, P. Siegbahn, and P,-0. Widmark, MOLCA. S, Version 4, Lund University, Sweden, 1997. 

Ytterby, a village in Sweden near Vauxholm) Yttria, which is an earth containing yttrium, was discovered by Gadolin in 1794. Ytterby is the site of a quarry which yielded many unusual minerals containing rare earths and other elements. This small town, near Stockholm, bears the honor of giving names to erbium, terbium, and ytterbium as well as yttrium. 

In 1957 workers in the United States, Britain, and Sweden announced the discovery of an isotope of element 102 with a 10-minute half-life at 8.5 MeV, as a result of bombarding 244Gm with 13G nuclei. On the basis of this experiment, the name nobelium was assigned and accepted by the Gommission on Atomic Weights of the International Union of Pure and Applied Ghemistry. 

Ytterby, a village in Sweden) Discovered by Mosander in 1843. Terbium is a member of the lanthanide or "rare earth" group of elements. It is found in cerite, gadolinite, and other minerals along with other rare earths. It is recovered commercially from monazite in which it is present to the extent of 0.03%, from xenotime, and from euxenite, a complex oxide containing 1% or more of terbia. 

L. Holmia, for Stockholm). The special absorption bands of holmium were noticed in 1878 by the Swiss chemists Delafontaine and Soret, who announced the existence of an "Element X." Cleve, of Sweden, later independently discovered the element while working on erbia earth. The element is named after cleve s native city. Holmia, the yellow oxide, was prepared by Homberg in 1911. Holmium occurs in gadolinite, monazite, and in other rare-earth minerals. It is commercially obtained from monazite, occurring in that mineral to the extent of about 0.05%. It has been isolated by the reduction of its anhydrous chloride or fluoride with calcium metal. 

Ytterby, village in Sweden) Marignac in 1878 discovered a new component, which he called ytterbia, in the earth then known as erbia. In 1907, Urbain separated ytterbia into two components, which he called neoytterbia and lutecia. The elements in these earths are now known as ytterbium and lutetium, respectively. These elements are identical with aldebaranium and cassiopeium, discovered independently and at about the same time by von Welsbach. 

There was one other event for us to remember. While December 10 is Nobel day in Sweden, December 13 is St. Lucia s day. We were awakened early morning by a knock on our door and were greeted by a singing group of white-clad girls carrying candles and a traditional... 

With the King and Queen of Sweden after the Nobel banquet... 

We are indebted to Prof. A. Claesson (University of Uppsala, Sweden) for submitting... 

Much of the fundamental work on prostaglandins and related compounds was car ried out by Sune Bergstrom and Bengt Samuelsson of the Karohnska Institute (Sweden) and by Sir John Vane of the Wellcome Foundation (Great Britain) These three shared the Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine m 1982... 

A major advance was devised by Pehr Edman (University of Lund Sweden) that has become the standard method for N terminal residue analysis The Edman degrada tion IS based on the chemistry shown m Figure 27 12 A peptide reacts with phenyl iso thiocyanate to give a phenylthwcarbamoyl (PTC) denvative as shown m the first step This PTC derivative is then treated with an acid m an anhydrous medium (Edman used mtromethane saturated with hydrogen chloride) to cleave the amide bond between the N terminal ammo acid and the remainder of the peptide No other peptide bonds are cleaved m this step as amide bond hydrolysis requires water When the PTC derivative IS treated with acid m an anhydrous medium the sulfur atom of the C=S unit acts as... 

The world s largest producers are Perstorp AB (Sweden, United States, Italy), Hoechst Celanese Corporation (United States, Canada), Degussa (Germany), and Hercules (United States) with estimated 1989 plant capacities of 65,000, 59,000, 30,000, and 22,000 t/yr, respectively. Worldwide capacity for pentaerythritol production was 316,000 t in 1989, about half of which was from the big four companies. Most of the remainder was produced in Asia (Japan, China, India, Korea, and Taiwan), Europe (Italy, Spain), or South America (Brazil, Chile). The estimated rate of production for 1989 was about 253,000 t or about 80% of nameplate capacity. 

The two procedures primarily used for continuous nitration are the semicontinuous method developed by Bofors-Nobel Chematur of Sweden and the continuous method of Hercules Powder Co. in the United States. The latter process, which uses a multiple cascade system for nitration and a continuous wringing operation, increases safety, reduces the personnel involved, provides a substantial reduction in pollutants, and increases the uniformity of the product. The cellulose is automatically and continuously fed into the first of a series of pots at a controlled rate. It falls into the slurry of acid and nitrocellulose and is submerged immediately by a turbine-type agitator. The acid is deflvered to the pots from tanks at a rate controlled by appropriate instmmentation based on the desired acid to cellulose ratio. The slurry flows successively by gravity from the first to the last of the nitration vessels through under- and overflow weirs to ensure adequate retention time during nitration. The overflow from the last pot is fully nitrated cellulose. 

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