Sweden emissions levels

Odours released during the spreading of manure are experienced by many of the local population as very annoying. Consequently, reduction of the odour emissions in connection with spreading of manure is a very important measure. In this respect, incorporation of the manure into the soil is a good solution. Studies made in Sweden (2) show that incorporation of the manure largely reduced the emission of odour from the field. This mainly concerns the injection techniques, which in some cases reduced the odour to the background level. 

Lundgren et al. (1999) evaluated the field exposures of painters to a low-VOC and a conventional water-based paints in Sweden. They found that exposures to TVOC, 1,2-propylene glycol, acetaldehyde and ammonia were 3-12 times lower for the low-VOC paint, but exposure to formaldehyde (160-180 pgm ) was 3-4 times higher. Brown (2000) reported that emissions from four Australian VOC-free paints included typical aromatic VOCs, dibutyl ether, ethylene glycol butyl ether, diethylene glycol butyl ether and Texanol , though at order of magnitude reduced levels c.f. conventional water-based paints, as well as formaldehyde and benzaldehyde. 

Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden have been taxing carbon emissions since the 1990s. The results have varied with the tax collection methods. In Finland, Norway, and Sweden the carbon taxes had little impact on emissions, as industry just included them in its cost of operation while the governments treated these taxes as general revenue. In Denmark, the collected carbon taxes were invested in subsidizing the development of alternative energy technologies, and as a consequence the per capita emission by 2005 dropped below the 1990 level. 

Concern for the environment has resulted in moves to significantly reduce the noxious components in emissions when fuel oils are burned. Attempts are being made to minimize sulfur dioxide emissions and, as a consequence, a strategy to minimize the sulfur content of fuel oils has been implemented. Although typical diesel fuel oils have, in the past, contained 1 % or more of sulfur (expressed as elemental sulfur) by weight, environmental legislation in the United States has required that sulfur content of diesel fuel be less than 0.05% (11). These levels will be reduced to 15 ppm or less to protect new exhaust catalyst after-treatment devices. In Europe, various jurisdictions have moved to lower sulfur content. In Sweden, for example, taxation of higher sulfur, lower cetane fuels is elevated to reflect to their respective environmental cost (93). 

Ambient air concentrations of mercury have been reported to average approximately 10-20 ng/m3, with higher concentrations in industrialized areas (EPA 1980a). In 1990, metallic mercury concentrations in the gas and aerosol phases of the atmosphere in Sweden were 2-6 ng/m3 and 0.01-0.1 ng/m3, respectively (Brosset and Lord 1991). Higher levels (10-15 g/m3) have been detected near point emission sources, such as mercury mines, refineries, and agricultural fields treated with mercury fungicides. Atmospheric... 

According to the EU Burden Sharing Agreement (BSA) of the Kyoto protocol, Sweden s emissions for 2008-2012 may increase by 4% compared to the 1990 level. This is in contrast to the EU Kyoto commitment of a reduction of 8%. The reason why Sweden could negotiate an increase in emissions can largely be explained by the fact that Sweden... 

Examples of situations that have led to complaints are energy-efficient homes in Russia, Sweden and Holland school houses in Germany, Czechoslovakia and Switzerland portable temporary offices and classrooms in Canada and mobile homes in the US. Mobile homes constitute a special situation, because he e residences contain UF-bonded products in a load ratio of 1.1 rn /in and recent HUD regulations allow formaldehyde levels of new homes to reach 0.4 ppm under standard conditions of 25 l. Such levels are a multiple of conventional homes. Such levels allow little margin for improper or defective products, and for emission increases due to warm climates (. ... 

Svante Oden, a Swedish scientist, was to help bring international attention to the phenomenon of transboundary acid deposition in the late 1960s with his research that linked the acidification of Swedish lakes to pollution emitted abroad. As a relatively sparsely populated region with low levels of industrialization, domestic emissions could not explain the damage that Oden found occurring in southern Sweden s water bodies. Thus, he hypothesized that the source of the pollution was upwind - that is from Great Britain and the European continent.His theory gave birth to the modem acid rain movement. 

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