Norra Karr, Sweden

The larger of the two agpaitic nepheline syenite intrusions is that at Khibina, with an exposed surface of 1327 km. Close by there is a second agpaitic complex with an exposed surface of 650 km, the Lovozero intrusion (Fig. 2.17). It is located 

Apatite from the Khibina alkahne complex is mainly fluorapatite Ca5(P04)F, with enrichment of light rare earth elements (La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu). The investigated LREE + Y contents range from 4268 to 4464 ppm (with an average of 656 ppm for Nd). The content of the more rare heavy rare earth elements (Gd, Dy, Er, Yb) is minor (HREE = 405 ppm). (Stoltz and Meyer 2012). 

Emplacement is thought to have been controlled by a major NE-SW trending fault. The sills and dykes of ferrocarbonatite contain irregularly distributed angular xenoliths, typically 10 cm or more in size, which locally make up some 20-25 % by volume of the rock. 

Other carbonatite-related REE-deposits in Central and East Africa are, for instance  

Kangankunde deposit are estimated to be 2.53 Mt at a grade of 4.24 % rare earth 

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Norra Karr Sweden Peralkaline igneous Ea, Ce, Nd, HREE Eudialyte... 

The REE-crisis actually ended, however, before this date (see Fig. 6.2). This is because other producers emerged (e.g. Lynas Corporation) since the start of the REE-crisis, and Molycorp restarted its production. However, these resources mainly comprise the LREEs, with limited HREE. Non-Chinese mines with significant amounts of HREEs are expected to come into production after 2015-2016 (Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum 2015). Examples of the latter are Norra Karr, Sweden, which is especially rich in the HREEs, and which makes up more than 50 % of the total REE content of the deposit (Tasman Metals... 

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