Sweden substantiation

The two procedures primarily used for continuous nitration are the semicontinuous method developed by Bofors-Nobel Chematur of Sweden and the continuous method of Hercules Powder Co. in the United States. The latter process, which uses a multiple cascade system for nitration and a continuous wringing operation, increases safety, reduces the personnel involved, provides a substantial reduction in pollutants, and increases the uniformity of the product. The cellulose is automatically and continuously fed into the first of a series of pots at a controlled rate. It falls into the slurry of acid and nitrocellulose and is submerged immediately by a turbine-type agitator. The acid is deflvered to the pots from tanks at a rate controlled by appropriate instmmentation based on the desired acid to cellulose ratio. The slurry flows successively by gravity from the first to the last of the nitration vessels through under- and overflow weirs to ensure adequate retention time during nitration. The overflow from the last pot is fully nitrated cellulose. 

There are obviously higher values in Scandinavia than in southern Europe and in many local areas such as Cornwall in the United Kingdom (Cliff et al., 1987) there are some substantially higher concentration areas. In Sweden there is a clear effect of alum shale concrete on indoor radon levels both from the perspective of increasing the concentrations indoors, but also because of an increased percentage of the population living in houses of such construction (Swedjemark et al., 1987). Thus, the largest fraction of people live in houses with radon concentrations below 110 Bq/nr. 

The runoff export was about 0.03 g/ha of Hgt per year. This value lies within the range of 0.008 to 0.059 g Hg/ha/yr, derived from a number of catchment studies in Sweden. The output of methylmercury from catchment area was 0.0015 g/ha/yr of Hg. This is substantially lower than the input to the catchment. There appears to be an ongoing net accumulation of Hgm in the terrestrial ecosystems, similar to the pattern previously shown for the total mercury. 

At this time, we had access to a microwave system from Personal Chemistry called the Smith Synthesizer (Personal Chemistry AB, Uppsala, Sweden) and so we attempted this difficult cycloaddition reaction13. As evident in Table 8.1, the results with the microwave were remarkably improved compared to the conventionally heated counterpart. The product yield and purity was substantially higher than what was observed in the pressure tubes. With this first positive example, we were encouraged to try systems that had not been able to produce an observable product in the pressure tubes. The condensation of a fused cyclohexyl maleimide had not produced any product in our previous efforts, but with microwave heating for a short 5 min reaction time at 180°C we were able to isolate a satisfactory amount of the desired product. 

In the study on colorectal cancer (Table 20.4), a reduced risk was found for increasing intake of anthocyanidins (OR, 0.67 for the highest versus the lowest quintile,p-trend, 0.001), flavonols (OR, 0.64,p-trend < 0.001), flavones (OR, 0.78, p-trend, 0.004), and isoflavones (OR, 0.76, p-trend, 0.001). [Rossi et al., 2006], The estimates did not substantially differ for colon and rectal cancers. After allowance for fruit and vegetable consumption, for dietary fiber, or for micronutrients previously associated to this tumor including vitamin C, the associations with flavonoids did not change by more than 10%. A recent case-control study of 1456 pairs of cases and controls conducted in Sweden confirmed a significant decrease in risk of colorectal cancer for intake of anthocyanidins and flavonols [Theodoratou et al., 2007], but there was no relation for isoflavones and flavones. However, the results on isoflavones and flavones are questionable due to the unusually and generally low intakes of the populations studied. In the Italian population, anthocyanidins were derived mainly from wine, red fruit, and onions, and flavonols from apples or pears, wine, and mixed salads. 

This study on how chemicals are framed in the contemporary press in Sweden and Poland reveals great similarities as well as specific differences in the media texts and journalists narratives. By and large the results indicate that the types of frames that are used by journalists in these two countries have a lot in common, even if the content of the texts and the specific contexts differ substantially. 

Also at Palm Springs, two papers by the Methanol Fuel Cell Alliance (Ballard/BASF/BPAmoco/Daimler Chrysler/Methanex/Statoil) and the Methanol Institute, respectively, portray the existing substantial methanol production, distribution and trading based on natural gas reform/synthesis gas/methanol, as in the Methanex Canada plant. Methanol from biomass is a future possibility. A methanol pump can be fitted within the footprint of many existing diesel/gasoline filling stations, and an Identic refuelling nozzle has been developed in Sweden, to avoid confusion between methanol and alternative fuels. 

Eleven cases of acetazolamide-associated aplastic anemia were reported in Sweden during a 17-year period (15). The median dose was 500 mg/day and the median duration of therapy was 3 (2-71) months. Ten of the eleven patients died within 8 weeks of diagnosis. The relative risk of aplastic anemia with acetazolamide was 13.3 (95% Cl = 6.8,25) and the estimated frequency was 1 in 18 000. These findings suggest that acetazolamide is associated with a substantially increased risk of aplastic anemia. 

Financially, an active pulp and paper industry provides a significant fraction of the gross national product of the countries where this is a major business area. In Canada, this amounts to some 18 billion annually. The value of pulp and paper exports is of substantial importance to a national economy, because of its ability to earn international exchange. This factor is particularly significant to countries, which produce pulp and paper on a very large scale and have a relatively small population and hence consumption (e.g., Canada, Finland, Norway, and Sweden (Table 15.2)). 

Bart G, Heilig M, LaForge KS, Poliak L, Leal SM, Ott J, Kreek MJ (2004) Substantial attributable risk related to a functional mu-opioid receptor gene polymorphism in association with heroin addiction in central Sweden. Mol Psychiatry 9 547-549... 

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