Capacity worldwide

Capacity. Estimated ABS capacity worldwide in 1989 is given in Table 3. Accurate ABS capacity figures are difficult to obtain because significant production capabiHty is considered "swing" and can be used to manufacture polystyrene or SAN as weU as ABS. The United States has the largest ABS nameplate production capacity of any country at 867 x 10 tons accounting for approximately 25% of the world s capacity. Three producers... 

The ethylene-based, balanced vinyl chloride process, which accounts for nearly all capacity worldwide, has been practiced by a variety of vinyl chloride producers since the mid-1950s. The technology is mature, so that the probabiUty of significant changes is low. New developments in production technology will likely be based on incremental improvements in raw material and energy efficiency, environmental impact, safety, and process reUabiUty. 

Tables 23, 24, and 25 provide LAB capacities worldwide, TPB capacities worldwide, and Physical-chemical data of commercial LAB types respectively.

Phthalic anhydride is a significant commercial product. Its main area of application is in synthetic resins and plasticizers. The production capacity worldwide was about 3.62 million t in 1997. 

In 1970, the first rhodium-based acetic acid production unit went on stream in Texas City, with an annual capacity of 150 000 tons. Since that time, the Monsanto process has formed the basis for most new capacities such that, in 1991, it was responsible for about 55% of the total acetic acid capacity worldwide. In 1986, B.P. Chemicals acquired the exclusive licensing rights to the Monsanto process, and 10 years later announced its own carbonylation iridium/ruthenium/iodide system [7, 8] (Cativa ). Details of this process, from the viewpoint of its reactivity and mechanism, are provided later in this chapter. A comparison will also be made between the iridium- and rhodium-based processes. Notably, as the iridium system is more stable than its rhodium counterpart, a lower water content can be adopted which, in turn, leads to higher reaction rates, a reduced formation of byproducts, and a better yield on CO. 

Blowdown is not specifically addressed in the code, and therefore valves are not tested on blowdown at the manufacturers, but 7%-10% is the suggested industry standard. Note that to set blowdown, the valve would have to flow its rated capacity. Worldwide, very few manufacturers are equipped to full flow their valves on all media. If setting blowdown is... 

The sweetener-products industry has grown to become one of enormous productive capacity. Worldwide annual production of sucrose from cane and beets now amounts to —80 million tons (73 million metric tons), and production of pure D-glucose and syrups from starch amounted to —10 million tons (9.1 million metric tons) in 1976. 

Micaceous iron oxide, a flake-shaped a-Fc203 with a metallic gray color, is mainly mined in Carinthia (Austria). It is used in the top coat of corrosion protection coatings. Application fields are steel superstructures (stations, Eifel tower), petrochemical plants and ship building. The annual capacity worldwide is 10- 10 t/a. 

Acetic acid is a key commodity building block [1], Its most important derivative, vinyl acetate monomer, is the largest and fastest growing outlet for acetic acid. It accounts for an estimated 40 % of the total global acetic acid consumption. The majority of the remaining worldwide acetic acid production is used to manufacture other acetate esters (i.e., cellulose acetates from acetic anhydride and ethyl, propyl, and butyl esters) and monoehloroacetic acid. Acetic acid is also used as a solvent in the manufacture of terephthalic acid [2] (cf. Section 2.8.1.2). Since Monsanto commercially introduced the rhodium- catalyzed carbonylation process Monsanto process ) in 1970, over 90 % of all new acetic acid capacity worldwide is produced by this process [2], Currently, more than 50 % of the annual world acetic acid capacity of 7 million metric tons is derived from the methanol carbonylation process [2]. The low-pressure reaction conditions, the high catalyst activity, and exceptional product selectivity are key factors for the success of this process in the acetic acid industry [13]. 

At first glance, three industrial methods exist for the simultaneous production of chlorine and sodium hydroxide by the electrolysis of sodium chloride. By order of importance in terms of installed capacity worldwide (per cent weight), these technologies involve the following electrolytic cells ... 

Reisch, M. Polyester Resin Producers Rush to Build More Capacity Worldwide. Chem. Eng. News, May 13, 1996, 11-16. 

Commercial plants The capacities range from 60,000 to 450,000 metric tpy for single lines. Over 50 production lines are in operation, engineering or under construction. The total licensed capacity worldwide for the Novolen process is in excess of 8 million tons. 

These three— MonteU, Targor, and Elenac—came together as the Dutch-based company BaseU in 2000. BaseU was then the world s largest polypropylene maker, with 7.8 million tons of annual capacity, and the largest polyethylene producer in Europe. BaseU was also a world leader in polypropylene licensing 40 % of installed capacity worldwide used BaseU technologies, such as Spheripol. 

Gross D. (1997), Bayer Expanding Spandex Capacity Worldwide , /American Sportswear arul Knitting Times, Vol. 66, No. 10 (October). 

Today the installed hydroformylation capacity worldwide is more than 7.5 Mio tons per year (Baerns et al., 2006). The most important feedstock is propene, with the products n-butyraldehyde and iso-butyraldehyde (Scheme 6.14.3). The most important single product from propene hydroformylation is 2-ethyl-l-hexanol (>50% of the n-butyraldehyde production), the aldol condensation product obtained from n-butanal, which is an important plasticizer alcohol. After esterification with phthalic anhydride, dioctyl phthalates plasticizers are obtained that are used mainly in poly(vinyl chloride) plastics. 

By far, the largest and fastest growing capacity for bicomponent fibers is in the area of spunbonds. There are approximately 50 such lines worldwide. About a third of these are pilot lines for product development, a third is older lines, and a third is modem curtain spinning lines with draw aspirators. It is estimated that 15-20% of all spunbond capacity worldwide has bicomponent capability. Much of this capability is not presently being used to make bicomponent products however, intense activity to develop new bicomponent products is reported and is reflected in patent applications. The increase in bicomponent spunbond capacity is continuing at a rate of over 10% per year. This increase is fueled by both new lines and retrofitting of older lines. As new bicomponent products are developed, this activity is expected to increase rather than decrease or stay level. It is estimated that within a few years over half of all new spunbond machines installed will have bicomponent capabilities (Wilkie, August 2009). 

Until World War II, most of the commercial aromatic chemicals in the United States and other countries were derived from the coal industry. The high-temperature carbonization of coal to produce coke from the steel industry also generated a liquid stream that was rich in aromatics. Benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX) and other aromatics could be recovered from the coal tar by extraction and distillation. The importance of this source has greatly diminished in recent years, however, and now almost all of the 6.5 billion gallons of benzene capacity worldwide, as well as that for toluene and xylene, is based on petroleum. 

A joint company of Distillers Company and B.F. Goodrich began production of NBR in Barry, S. Wales in 1959. The production of nitrile mbber spread between that time and 1962 to other countries of the world including France, Italy, and Japan as well as Russia. The total capacity worldwide in 1962 was estimated at 167,000 metric tons, which has grown to approximately 480,000 metric tons in 2001 [1]. A hsting of the various suppliers of NBR worldwide is given in Table 2.1 as of 2005 [2]. There has been considerable consohdation of producers and production facilities in recent years so this information may become outdated with time [3,4]. 

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