Increased safety

The two procedures primarily used for continuous nitration are the semicontinuous method developed by Bofors-Nobel Chematur of Sweden and the continuous method of Hercules Powder Co. in the United States. The latter process, which uses a multiple cascade system for nitration and a continuous wringing operation, increases safety, reduces the personnel involved, provides a substantial reduction in pollutants, and increases the uniformity of the product. The cellulose is automatically and continuously fed into the first of a series of pots at a controlled rate. It falls into the slurry of acid and nitrocellulose and is submerged immediately by a turbine-type agitator. The acid is deflvered to the pots from tanks at a rate controlled by appropriate instmmentation based on the desired acid to cellulose ratio. The slurry flows successively by gravity from the first to the last of the nitration vessels through under- and overflow weirs to ensure adequate retention time during nitration. The overflow from the last pot is fully nitrated cellulose. 

Containers. The USPXXIII—NFXVIII Hsts container requinements such as weH-closed, tight, or light-resistant. Most containers ate light-resistant (amber) glass or plastic. The latter is break-resistant and lightweight, which reduces shipping costs and increases safety. 

State-of-the-Ahi Control. Computer control using feed-forward capabiUty can save 2—20% of a unit s utiUties by reducing the margin of safety (5). Unless the discipline of a controller forces the reduction of the safety margin, operators typically opt for increased safety. Operators are probably correct to do so when a proper set of analy2ers and controllers has not been provided and maintained. 

Sodium chlorite is the only chlorite compound produced on a commercial scale. Technical-grade sodium chlorite is an 80 wt % assay soHd product containing other added salts, such as sodium chloride, which act as diluents for increased safety ia storage and handling. The various sodium chlorite solution grades similarly have varying amounts of other salts. 

ISA S12.16.01 (lEC 79-7 MOD), Electrical Apparatus for Use in Class I, Zones 1 and 2 Elazardous (Classified) Locations Type of Protection—Increased Safety e . Instrument Society of America, Research Triangle Park, N.C. 

Rotating electrical machines starting performance of single-speed three-phase cage induction motors for voltages up to and including 690 V Electrical apparatus for explosive gas atmosphere. Increased safety protection e 8789/1996 6381/1991 BS EN 60034-12/1996 BS 5501-6/1977... 

This is a location safer than Zone I with a likelihood of concentration of explosive gases, chemical vapour or volatile liquids during processing, storage or handling. This would become a fire hazard only under abnormal conditions, such as a leakage or a burst of joints or pipelines etc. Such a condition may exist only for a short period. A standard motor with additional features, as di.scussed below, may also be safe for such locations. A non-sparking type. Ex. n , or an increased safety motor, type Ex. e , may also be chosen for such locations. 

Special-purpose motors such as increased safety motors, flame-proof or explosion-proof motoi s must be checked for gaps, clearances and creepage distances of all the mating parts forming flame paths. The construction of these motors must follow lEC 60079 as noted in the list of standards. 

Electrical apparatus for explosive gas atmospheres. Increased safety motors. General requirements 6181/1991 BS 5501-6/1977 -... 

Withdrawn) 1989 AMD 3 Code of practice for selection, installation and maintenance of electncal apparatus for use m potentially explosive atmospheres (other than mining applications or explosives processing and manufacture). Part 1 General recommendations (AMD 7871) dated 15 September 1993. Withdrawn, superseded by BS EN 60079-14 1997 (Withdrawn) 1978 AMD 1 Code of practice for selection, installation and maintenance of electncal apparatus for use m potentially explosive atmospheres (other than mining applications or explosives processing and manufacture). Part 6 Recommendations for type of protection. Increased safety (AMD 5557) dated 30 November 1989. Withdrawn, superseded by BS EN 60079... 

Do increase safety factors if verification by analysis is performed in lieu of test. 

Increasingly, safety, health, and the environment are becoming parts of the same SHE department in industry. This should help to avoid incidents such as those described in Section 2.11. Unfortunately, there are few signs of a similar integration in government departments. 

Such audits may therefore be useful as a method of increasing safety awareness and management commitment to safety as part of a more general attempt to reduce accidents. They should be treated as first steps and management must be prepared to do more than just carry out a safety audit. The authors of safety audits must be prepared to provide guidance on the next steps in error reduction once the problems have been identified. 

Figure 7-9C. Armored graphite disk. Note steel ring bonded to circumference of disk to increase safety in toxic or fiammable services and improve reliability by preventing unequal piping stresses from reaching the pressure membrane. Teflon coatings or linings are available on the entire disk. By pemnission, Zook Enterprises.

Over the years the performance standards of hydraulic equipment have risen. Whereas a pressure of about 1000 psi used to be adequate for industrial hydraulic systems, nowadays systems operating with pressures of 2000-3500psi are common. Pressures above 5000psi are to be found in applications such as large presses for which suitable high-pressure pumps have been developed. Additionally, systems have to provide increased power densities, more accurate response, better reliability and increased safety. Their use in numerically controlled machine tools and other advanced control systems creates the need for enhanced filtration. Full flow filters as fine as 1-10 micron retention capabilities are now to be found in many hydraulic systems. 

Pressures to reduce atmospheric pollution, increase safety in the workplace, and save energy have all influenced, paint application methods in... 

The pressures leading to new developments in industrial painting derive from the drive for better quality, the need for economy, and the demand for increased safety in the workplace and in the environment. 

The main expectations of industrial researchers focused on improving heat management and increasing safety for hazardous process [71]. 

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