Halogen salts

Adipic acid undergoes the usual reactions of carboxyflc acids, including esterification, amidation, reduction, halogenation, salt formation, and dehydration. Because of its biflmctional nature, it also undergoes several industrially significant polymerization reactions. 

Chlorine is a member of the halogen (salt-forming) group of elements and is derived from chlorides by the action of oxidizing agents and, most frequently, by electrolysis. As a gas, it combines directly with nearly all elements. At 10 C, 1 volume of water dissolves about 3.10 volumes of chlorine at 30 C, only 1.77 volumes of CI2 are dissolved in 1 volume of water. 

Titanium s noncorrosive and lightweight properties make it useful in the manufacture of laboratory and medical equipment that will withstand acid and halogen salt corrosion. These same properties make it an excellent metal for surgical pins and screws in the repair of broken bones and joints. 

Astatine does not have stable or useful compounds. Like a halogen, it will form halogen salts with a few other elements. No significant astatine commercial compounds have been produced with the exception of astatine-211, which has a half-life of just over seven hours and is used as a radioactive tracer for thyroid diseases. 

Table 6.1 Densities of metal and alkali-halogen salts...

Wastes containing high levels of halogenated salts, zinc, lead, or mercury may pose problems for this technology due to volatilization and/or incomplete incorporation into the stabilized matrix. 

A convenient procedure for the oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols was reported by Anelli and co-workers (8,9). The oxidation was carried out in CH2CI2 with an aqueous buffer at pH 8.5-9.5 utilizing 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO, 1) as the catalyst and KBr as a co-catalyst. The terminal oxidant in this system was NaOCl. The major disadvantage of using sodium hypochlorite or any other hypohalite as a stoichiometric oxidant is that for each mole of alcohol oxidized during the reaction one mole of halogenated salt is formed. Furthermore,... 

Also, on replacement of oxalato- or carbonato-group by nitro-, chloro-, or bromo-radicles, brown salts are obtained with acid and sodium nitrite, and violet salts on treatment with concentrated hydrochloric or hydro-bromic acid. The brown nitro-compounds are therefore given a formula with the nitro-groups in the 1-, 2-, or eis-position, and the violet halogen salts the formula with halogen in the m-position. The cis-form may be transformed into the /ra -modification by intramolecular rearrangement. Concentrated hydrochloric acid converts carbonato-tctrammino-cobaltie salts first into violo-salts, and on standing, or on rise of temperature, these pass into the prasco- or I-, 6-salts. 

Comparing the stability of the triammincs of silver halides, the chloride is more stable than the bromide, and the iodide cither does not exist or is very unstable. This is contrary to the usual observations in the ammines, where the stability of the ammine rises from chloride to iodide. In the case of the ammines of the oxy-halogen salts of silver the most unstable is the iodate, which is non-existent at ordinary pressure, then comes the bromate, and the most stable is the chlorate.3... 

The halogen salts of beryllium unite readily with ammonia, yielding various products. 

Only the halogen salts of beryllium appear capable of uniting with ammonia. 

Aluminium forms numerous series of complex derivatives, the halogen salts showing a marked tendency to form molecular compounds with other metallic halides, with acid chlorides, with chlorides of organic acids, and with ammonia. 

The halogen salts of tin unite readily with ammonia, with formation of derivatives the composition of which depends on the temperature at which reaction takes place. 

C/.s-dithionate has the formula [Cr en2(H20)(0H)]S206, where the salt contains simple water molecules the eis-halogen salts, like the corresponding diaquo-salts, contain dimolecular water and are therefore bisaquo-salts. 

The iodide, [Cr en2Cl2]I, may be prepared from the chloride or from the sulphate by decomposition with potassium iodide.1 It crystallises in violet needles and is the least soluble of the halogen salts. 

The true nature of the hydroxo-compounds is further proved by the fact that the halogen salts are less soluble in acetic acid than in pure water, hence acetic acid is not a sufficiently strong acid to form aquo-salts. 

On treating the halogen salts with silver oxide an aqueous solution... 

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