1997 Kyoto Protocol

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Kyoto Protocol of 1997, United Nations 1997, N.Y. 

Protocol. In 1997, prior to President Clinton s acceptance of the Kyoto Protocol, U.S. Senate Resolution 98, the Byrd-Hcgcl resolution, which was passed by a vote of ninety-five to zero, imposes specific requirements that must be met before the Kyoto Protocol can be ratified. The resolution calls for a specific timeline and commitments by developing countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and evidence that adoption of the Kyoto Protocol would not result in serious harm to the U.S. economy. In addition, the Fifth Conference of the Parties (1999) failed to resolve numerous outstanding issues held over from the previous conference, and put off critical decision making until the Sixth Conference of the Parties in The Ffague, Netherlands, in November 2000. 

Weyant, J. P., and Hill, J. N. (1999). "Introduction and Oveiview. In The Costs of the Kyoto Protocol A Multi-Model Evaluation. The Energy Journal (special issue). 

Looking at the allocation of energy production among sources, the Kyoto Protocol is meant to increase preference for those energy sources that do not produce carbon dioxide and, secondarily, for those that produce much less than others. There will be a particular disincentive to use coal, since this source produces the most COj per energy produced. 

The remaining possibility for the United States, under the Kyoto Protocol, would be to compensate... 

Howes, R. and Famberg, A. eds. (1991). The Energy Sourcebook. New York American Institute of Physics. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. (1997). Kyoto Protocol. New York United Nations. 

Implementation of the 1998 Kyoto Protocol, which is designed to reduce global carbon emissions, will have dramatic effects on fossil fuel usage worldwide. The Kyoto Protocol mostly affects delivered prices for coal and conversion of plants to natural gas, nuclear and/or renewable resources. However, as pointed out by the International Energy Agency, increased natural gas consumption in the United States may likely have the effect of increased reliance... 

ASHRAE Journal. (Januaiy 1999). Washington Report— Montreal and Kyoto Protocols Relevance to HFC s. ... 

The environmental benefits of TES is utmost important and discussed within the framework of UN Convention on Climate Change and Kyoto Protocol which is a significant issue of critical debate among countries nowadays (7). 

Victor, D.G., 2001. The Collapse of the Kyoto Protocol and the Struggle to slow Global Warming. 

The political boundary conditions are connected with financial support, taxes and regulations and laws. For instance the Kyoto Protocol might be an incentive to an increased number of snow cooling plants, since they to a large extent uses renewable energy (Paksoy, 2003). 

The fact is that, without nuclear energy, any hope of achieving the carbon dioxide levels envisioned by the Kyoto Protocol-or significantly improving the air quality in the U S. or Europe—are severely diminished. In the United States, we would have to double the reductions of carbon without nuclear power to meet the Kyoto goals by the 2007-2012 timeframe. 

In the global-warming context, quantitative limits set targets on the time path of GHG emissions of different countries. Countries then can administer these limits in their own fashion, and the mechanism may allow transfer of emission allowances among countries, as is the case under the Kyoto Protocol. 

Steffen W, Noble I, Canadell J, Apps M, Schulze ED, Jarvis PG (1998) The terrestrial carbon cycle implication for the Kyoto protocol. Science 280 1393-1394... 

UNFCCC (1997) Kyoto protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on climate change. Document FCCC/CP/1997/7/ Add 1, http //www.unfccc.de Van Cleve K, Powers RF (1995) Soil carbon, soil formation, and ecosystem development. In McFee WW, Kelly JM (eds) Carbon forms and functions in forest soils. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI, pp 155-200 Wedin TA, Tieszen LL, Dewey B, Pastor J (1995) Carbon isotope dynamics during grass decomposition and soil organic matter formation. Ecology 76 1383-1392... 

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