Paper industry Sweden

The production of millions of tons of paper annually requires a capital intensive industry. A modern pulp and paper facility such as the Leaf River Mill shown in Fig. 1 can cost in excess of 800 million to construct. Pulp and paper manufacturing throughout the world is a vast industry, with production levels approaching 300 million tonnes/year. The dominant pulp and paper producing countries include Canada, Sweden, Finland, Japan, Brazil, and Russia. The pulp and paper industry is typically located near convenient, low-cost sources of wood as the raw material. 

The pulp and paper industry is undergoing some relatively rapid changes in pulping technology. In areas of the world where the resource base is dwindling, the increased yields offered by newer mechanical pulping techniques are highly desirable. This has been the case in Sweden, Finland, and Canada, which have low-cost hydroelectric power available in many sections. 

Financially, an active pulp and paper industry provides a significant fraction of the gross national product of the countries where this is a major business area. In Canada, this amounts to some 18 billion annually. The value of pulp and paper exports is of substantial importance to a national economy, because of its ability to earn international exchange. This factor is particularly significant to countries, which produce pulp and paper on a very large scale and have a relatively small population and hence consumption (e.g., Canada, Finland, Norway, and Sweden (Table 15.2)). 

Figure 5 is showing a typical UF-installatlon in the pulp and paper industry at Iggesund Kraft Mill in Sweden. Figure 6 is showing the HF-lnstallation at Toten Sulphite mill in Norway. 

J. Puls, K. Poutanen, O. Schmidt, M. Linko in Proc. 3rd Int. Conf. Biotechnol. Pulp Paper Industry K. E. Eriksson, P. Ander (eds),STFI, Stockholm, Sweden, 1986, pp. 93-95. 

Today, in a global comparison, Germany, ahead of Sweden (2.9 billion m ), holds the largest stocks of wood in its forests (3.4 billion m ). Eight percent of the entire European net product is contributed by the forest, wood and paper industry. Europe also holds the globally leading market for wood and wood-based products. 60% of all exports and nearly 50% of all imports are transacted in the European market. 

Viikari, L. Raima, M. Kantelinen, A. Linko M. Sunquist, J. Proceedings of the 3 International Conference on Biotechnology in the Pulp and Paper Industry, 1986, Stockholm, Sweden, pp. 67-69... 

Landalv I. Black hquor gasification and conversion of the pulp mill into a biorefinery. In Proc Sem biorfining for the pulp and paper Industry. AAancFiL, Stockholm, Sweden December 10—11,2007. 4 p. 

Putsis et al. (1997) show that the number of cross-border communication ties are not equally distributed among nations and are not symmetrical. A case study included in Nabseth and Ray (1974, p. 115) demonstrates that users get information on new innovations of a product domain from preferred countries. In the case study on special presses for the paper industry information flowed from the United States to Sweden, from Sweden to Germany and from Germany to Austria, resulting in a similar international rank of adoption. 

SKANSKA, Sweden. Comments on the proposal for a new chemical policy in the European Union - REACH, 9 July 2003 Tetra Pak, Sweden. Comments on the proposal for a new chemical policy in the European Union - REACH, 9 July 2003 Construction Federation, Sweden. Position paper on REACH, 8 July 2003 Swedish Recycling Industries Association. Response to the European... 

Industrial applications of these controllers have been successfully carried out in Sweden on paper machines (9.) and on an ore crusher system (3.). A good discussion of the practical aspects of the approach and an application to the control of a packed bed tubular reactor is contained in a paper by Harris et al. (12). 

The common industrial practice of combusting wood to generate electricity and operate pulp and paper mills has been identified as a source of environmental PCDD/Fs. A study of PCDD/F emissions from seven wood-burning facilities in Switzerland showed that emissions ranged from 0.004 to 9.820 ng TEQ Nm-3 (0.048 to 117.8ng TEQ kg-1), with the majority of values being greater than 0.1 ng TEQ Nm-3 (the TEQ emission limit for waste incineration plants in Germany, Austria, the Netherlands and Sweden).31 PCDD/F emissions from... 

The 17 papers in this volume provide authoritative, in-depth coverage of an important area of nuclear and industrial chemistry. In addition to 12 U.S. authored papers, there are papers from authors in France, Japan, Peoples Republic of China, Sweden, and West Germany. This volume thus includes contributions from most countries in the world that have significant transplutonium element production and recovery programs and facilities. 

She was a visiting fellow at the Department of Inorganic Chemistry, the Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden, during 1980-1981 and carried out postdoctoral research from October 1986 to April 1987 at Laboratoire de Chimie Minerale, Ecole Europeenne des Hautes Etudes des Industries Chimiques de Strasbourg, France. Professor Sastre has more than 190 journal publications and more than 80 papers in international conferences. Dr. Sastre also holds four patent applications, guided 11 PhD and 16 master thesis students, and is a... 

Short Rotation Forestry has relative good potential to be used in non arable land and provides a sustainable approach to energy (22), however, since the land has to be blocked for about 15-20 years, fanners in the EU are reluctant to implement SRF schemes. The only exceptions are Sweden, where there is a long tradition for SRF mostly for pulp and paper and the UK where recently successful schemes have been introduced to the farming community (23). The USA (24) has also an ambitious programme for the development of SRF while Canada also has carried out significant work and is examining various SRF implementation schemes. Brazil has successfully established eucalyptus plantations (23). On the other hand, very few tests have been carried out with SRF feedstocks and the industry is a somewhat uncertain about the properties of SRF fuels. A sensitive area is that of heavy metals some of which are easily up taken by the plants (e.g. cadmium). 

The pharmaceutical industry relies on patent laws to maximize its income from a new product (see above). However, patents were a late addition to pharmaceutical industry regulations, with many European countries only permitting patent protection after their industries had reached a degree of development - France in 1960, Germany in 1968, Japan in 1976, Switzerland in 1977 and Italy and Sweden in 1978 (Oxfam Briefing Paper, 2001). 

Human activities have resulted in the release of a wide variety of both inorganic and organic forms of mercury. The electrical industry, chloro-alkali industry, and the burning of fossil fuels (coal, petroleum, etc.) release elemental mercury into the atmosphere. Metallic mercury has also been released directly to fresh water by chloro-alkali plants, and both phenylmer-cuiy and methylmercury compounds have been released into fresh and sea water -phenylmercury by the wood paper-pulp industry, particularly in Sweden, and methyl-mercury by chemical manufacturers in Japan. Important mercury compounds which also may be released into the environment include mercury(II) oxide, mercury(II) sulfide (cinnabar), mercury chlorides, mer-cury(II) bromide, mercury(II) iodine, mer-cury(II) cyanide, mercury(II) thiocyanate, mercury(II) acetate, mercury nitrates, mercury sulfates, mercury(II) amidochloride monoalkyl- and monoarylmercury(II) halides, borates and nitrates dialkylmercury compounds like dimethylmercury, alkoxyal-kylmercury compounds or diphenylmercury (Simon and Wiihl-Couturier 2002) (for quantities involved, see Section 17.4). 

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