Protein research

PVDF-based microporous filters are in use at wineries, dairies, and electrocoating plants, as well as in water purification, biochemistry, and medical devices. Recently developed nanoselective filtration using PVDF membranes is 10 times more effective than conventional ultrafiltration (UF) for removing vimses from protein products of human or animal cell fermentations (218). PVDF protein-sequencing membranes are suitable for electroblotting procedures in protein research, or for analyzing the phosphoamino content in proteins under acidic and basic conditions or in solvents (219). 

K. Otagari and co-workers in T. Shiori, ed.. Peptide Chemisty 1981, Protein Research Foundation, Osaka, Japan, 1982, p. 75 H. Okai and I. Miyake, Kagaku to Seibutsu (injapanese) 20, 709 (1982). 

T. Suzuki, K. Hayashi, K. Fujikawa, and K. Tsukamoto, Report of the Institute of Protein Research, Osaka University, Japan, 1963. 

As we have seen above, FRET is a technique that provides precise information about distances between 10 and 100 A which is in the range of the size of biological molecules and proteins. Researchers have taken advantage of this feature and developed different strategies to synthesize FRET sensors that are able to follow in real time and with high sensitivity very diverse processes such as enzymatic activity, conformational change, or molecule-molecule interaction. The design of these FRET sensors is described below. 

Determination of three-dimensional protein structures has become an important tool in protein research, indicated by the exponentially growing number of protein data bank entries during the last decade. They have contributed considerably to our understanding of function and mechanism of biomolecules. Structures of proteins alone or in complex with their substrates or binding partners like cofactors, DNA, or other proteins can visualize interactions at the atom-... 

Food Protein Research and Development Center, Texas A M University, College Station, TX 77843... 

The Food Protein Research and Development Center at Texas A M University has developed a cookbook of glandless cottonseed kernel uses in a variety of appetizer, salad, main course, side dish, and dessert products (23). 

The glandless cottonseed was obtained from Rogers Cottonseed Co., Waco, Texas, then processed and analyzed by the Food Protein Research and Development Center, Texas A M University, College Station, Texas. 

Dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), represented by the commercial classes of navy, pinto and black were used to produce flour fractions at the Food Protein Research and Development Center, Texas A M University. Beans were dry-roasted under selected process conditions in a gas fired solid-to-solid heat exchanger, dehulled by air aspiration, pin-milled and air-classified to obtain four flour fractions. These fractions included whole, hulls, high protein, and high starch flours. 

Journal of Peptide Research (1997, V.J. Hruby, Ed.), created by merger of International Journal of Peptide and Protein Research (1973, C.H. Li 1988, V.J. Hruby, Eds.) and Peptide Research (1988, R.A. Houghten, Ed.), official journal of the American Peptide Society -2003. 

The indole chromophore of tryptophan is the most important tool in studies of intrinsic protein fluorescence. The position of the maximum in the tryptophan fluorescence spectra recorded for proteins varies widely, from 308 nm for azurin to 350-353 nm for peptides lacking an ordered structure and for denatured proteins. (1) This is because of an important property of the fluorescence spectra of tryptophan residues, namely, their high sensitivity to interactions with the environment. Among extrinsic fluorescence probes, aminonaphthalene sulfonates are the most similar to tryptophan in this respect, which accounts for their wide application in protein research.(5)... 

Slama JT, Radziejewski C, Oruganti S, Kaiser ET (1984) J Am Chem Soc 106 6778 Mihara H, Tomizaki K,Nishino N, Eujimoto T (1993) Chem Lett 9 1533 Nishino N, Tsunekawa Y, Aral T, Eujimoto T (1995) Synthesis of a catalytic molten globule with flavin function. In Nishi N (ed) Peptide chemistry. Protein Research Eoundation, Osaka, p 485... 

Protein primary structure databases include the following ExPASy Molecular Biology Server (Swiss-Prot) expasy.ch/ Protein Information resources (PIR) pir.georgetown.edu Protein Research Foundation (PRF) prf.or.jp/en/os.html. 

Polysaccharide degrading enzymes have a long history of commercial application in food processing, horticulture, agriculture, and protein research. As with most other industrial enzymes, the economic use of polysaccharidases often depends on obtaining the maximum activity lifetime in the process environment and/or securing a recovery system that permits the sensible reuse of active enzymes from process streams. 

Once the virus makes a polyprotein, it must cut that molecule apart to release all of the individual proteins it needs to continue its replication. The compound it uses to accomplish this task is HIV protease. Proteases are enzymes, a class of compounds that break down other proteins. Researchers realized that the protease step represented a possible point of attack in dealing with HIV. If they could find a way to inactivate the HIV protease, the virus s polyprotein would not be broken down into its component parts, and the components from which new viruses are made would not be available. 

Borin, G. Calderan, A. Ruzza, P. Moroder, L. Gohring, W. Bovermann, G. Wunsch, E., Biol. Chem. Hoppe-Seyler, (1987) 368, 1363. 441 Yagami, T. Kitagawa, K. Aida, C. Fujiwara, H. Futaki, S., In Peptide Science - Present and Future, Y. Shimonishi, Ed. Protein Research Foundation Osaka, (1999) p370. 

P°1 Kitagawa, K. Yagami, T. Shinomiya, S. Futaki, S., In Peptide Chemistry 1993, Okada, Y., Ed. Protein Research Foundation Osaka,... 

Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita 565, Japan... 

Yoshiharu Izumi, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565, Japan (215)... 

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