Pressure spraying

The system has recently been used with success for inspection of 11 inclined nozzle welds during the R1 SPRINT project at Vattenfall Ringhals, Sweden during the summer 1997. At the moment a full system and personal qualification is prepared for inspection of the pressurizer spray nozzle weld at Vattenfall Ringhals, block 2 at May, 1998. 

In conventional disk filters, cake discharge is usually performed by a scraper blade, for cakes thicker than 10 mm, or sometimes by a tapered roU air blowback is often used to assist the discharge. High pressure sprays also have been used for cake discharge. 

The objective in packaging cool sterilized products is to maintain the product under aseptic conditions, to sterilize the container and its Hd, and to place the product into the container and seal it without contamination. Contamination of the head space between the product and closure is avoided by the use of superheated steam, maintaining a high internal pressure, spraying the container surface with a bactericide such as chlorine, irradiation with a bactericidal lamp, or filling the space with an inert sterile gas such as nitrogen. 

High pressure sprays of heated neutralized citric acid solutions replace sandblasting techniques to clean stainless steel equipment and areas not easily... 

Distribution System Mechanical method of passing hot water over the fill uniformly. Low-pressure spray-through piping and nozzles are usually used in counterflow towers gravity drop is normally utilized in crossflow towers. 

Figure 9-100. Atmospheric spray tower, air flow aspirated by pressure-spray water distribution system. Usually applied in small sizes. Used by permission of Hensley, John C. (ed), Cooling Tower Funds.-menteUs, 2nd Ed. (1985), The Mariey Cooling Tower Co., a United Dominion Company.

There are two types self-induced spray and pressure spray. Many designs have been developed to suit specific dust or fume problems, and it is now possible to use wet collectors on the treatment of solids and fumes down to very small particle sizes. 

Total enclosure Wet scrubbing Absorption tower Fluidized bed scrubber Impingement scrubber Irrigated target scrubber Pressure spray scrubber Rotary scrubber ... 

A detailed description of sources used in atmospheric pressure ionization by electrospray or chemical ionization has been compiled.2 Atmospheric pressure has been used in a wide array of applications with electron impact, chemical ionization, pressure spray ionization (ionization when the electrode is below the threshold for corona discharge), electrospray ionization, and sonic spray ionization.3 Interferences potentially include overlap of ions of about the same mass-charge ratio, mobile-phase components, formation of adducts such as alkali metal ions, and suppression of ionization by substances more easily ionized than the analyte.4 A number of applications of mass spectroscopy are given in subsequent chapters. However, this section will serve as a brief synopsis, focusing on key techniques. 

Atmospheric pressure spray with electron impact ionisation Atomic plasma emission spectrometry... 

Atmospheric pressure ionisation Atmospheric pressure MALDI Atmospheric pressure photo-ionisation Atmospheric pressure spray ionisation... 

The amounts of surface deposits resulting from commercial and experimental applications of DDT and parathion were ascertained on apples, pears, peaches, oranges, and lemons. Applications were made with conventional high pressure spraying equipment, utilizing manually operated guns or semiautomatic booms, and with two types of air blast sprayers. 

The use of plant extracts for insect control dates into antiquity the use of Paris green as an insecticide for control of the Colorado potato beetle in 1867 probably marks the beginning of the modern era of chemical control of injurious insects. The development of lead arsenate followed later in the nineteenth century for gypsy moth control. The commercial production of nicotine insecticides, the production of calcium arsenate at the time of the first world war, and the use of fluorine, arsenical, and cyanide compounds, as well as other inorganic chemicals for insect control, were important steps in pest control. These chemicals were applied largely by dilute high pressure sprays or dusts. 

Practical control of the torsalo on cattle and other domestic animals still is in the category of a forlorn hope. Tests made by Laake in Brazil showed that rote-none applied as a high-pressure spray and at dosages as high as 0.09% failed to kill the larvae. A 0.12% dosage applied as a wash and brushed into the cysts also... 

No uses of 3,3 -dichlorobenzidine in commonplace consumer products are known. In the past, the general public may have been exposed to minute amounts of 3,3 -dichlorobenzidine during the use of pressurized spray containers of paints, lacquers, and enamels containing traces of benzidine yellow, a pigment derived... 

Finally, to remove particles, the van der Waals forces first must be overcome to separate the particle from the substrate using mechanical effects such as scrubbing or by chemically etching the particle and/or the substrate to purely and simply eliminate the two surfaces in contact. As seen in Table I, harsh accelerations or high-pressure sprays, for example, are not able to remove the fine particles. Then the electrostatic interaction must be turned into favorable conditions to avoid particle readhesion. 

---