Ethanol Sweden

Biostil A continous fermentation process for making ethanol. Developed by Chematur Engineering AB, Sweden. 

In the European Union, ethanol is consumed in Spain, France, Sweden and Germany, especially after conversion into ETBE (ethyl tert-butyl ether), except in Sweden, but its use is increasing in all the other countries. New uses of bioethanol, e.g., in ethanol-direct fuel cells or as raw material for other chemicals, will further expand bioethanol use and production. Table 9.1 summarizes bioethanol production in different countries by 2004 [1], Owing to political decisions (EU directive setting at 5.75% the proportion of biofuels in fuels) and incentive taxation... 

Bis(2,2 dinitroalkyl) amines of general formula [R(N02)2C.CH2]2NH were prepd recently in Sweden by treating 2,2-dinitroalkyl-l ethanol with 2,2-dinitroalkyl-1-amine R(02N)2C.CH2.0H + H2N.CH2.C(N02)R = [R(02N)C.CH2]2NH+H20. Some of these compds may be suitable as ingredients of expl and propellant compositions Refs l)Beil- not found 2)F.R.Schenck G.A. Y/etterholn,SwedP 148217(1954) 3ritP 729469... 

N,N [Bis (2,2 dinitroalkyl) hydrarines] of general formula, R(02N)2C.CH2.HN.NH.CH2C(N02)R were prepd recently in Sweden by the action of 1 mol hydrazine on 2 mols of 2,2-dinitroalkyl-l -ethanol ... 

A unique pilot plant for ethanol production from lignocellulose feedstock was inaugurated in O-vik, Sweden in May 2004. The aim of the pilot plant was to develop efficient continuous technologies for the various process steps in ethanol production from forest raw material and other lignocellulosic feedstock. Different raw materials require different conditions during the production process and the process also needs to be optimised for every raw material. Further it was important to demonstrate that large-scale lignocellulose ethanol production was possible... 

The CASH process was developed by cooperation between Canada, the USA and Sweden. In this method, hydrolysis occurs in two steps with dilute sulfuric acid at a temperature around 200 °C (pressure 8-25 bar) and the fermentation of sugars by yeast to ethanol. It has been shown that by using SO2 and dilute sulfuric acid in two steps, this increases the sugar and ethanol yield, since the amount of inhibitors such as furfural is decreased. The process was developed for raw materials such as sawdust and other residues from trees. The ethanol yield is about 30% of the energy in the raw material and there are also by-products, with up to 40% of the energy content in solid form (lignin), which can be used as biofuel. 

To remove uncapsulated FlTC-dextran or non-coupled TAT-peptide, a column of Sepharose CL-4B (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Uppsala, Sweden) is packed in 20% ethanol. Before use the column is equilibrated with HBS pH 6.5... 

One can be blinded by spirit, so-called industrial spirit. In the case of Sweden all illegally consumed spirit is termed black spirit . This can be a little of anything, such as smuggled spirit, home distilled or industrial spirit. It is industrial spirit that is the real problem. Both ethanol (drinking spirit) and methanol (wood sprit) have industrial uses. Methanol both tastes and smells the same as ordinary spirit. One can get drunk in just the same way. However the hangover is quite different and the effects can sometimes be fatal. Unfortunately the term home distilled is used wrongly instead of black spirit . 

To address air pollution problems in the Swedish big city areas, local transport companies have set up fleets with alternative-fuelled vehicles. Currently ca 550 buses are operating on alternative fuels in Sweden (KFB, 1996). The largest portion of these buses is running in Stockholm, where Stockholm Transport has 180 neat ethanol vehicles in inner city operation. 

The U. S. National Energy Laboratory has used a genetically engineered Zymomonas mobilis to convert agricultural residues and sawdust to ethanol in a process that uses both the glucose and xylose. It is estimated that this will reduce the price of ethanol from 1.20/gal, to 0.70/gal.47 Recombinant E. coll converted willow wood to ethanol, which is estimated to cost 0.48/L.48 The market price in Sweden is 0.35/L. It is estimated that the price could be reduced 0.063/L. if the process started with waste and an-... 

The solvents used, acetonitrile, ethanol, 2-propanol, 1-propanol, 2-butanoI, ethyl acetate, toluene, acetone and hexane, were of pro-analysis grade. All the solvents were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany), except ethanol (99.5 %), Miich was obtained from Kemetyl (Haninge, Sweden). MilliQ-water was obtained from a purification system (Millipore). Nitrogen, (99.996 % by volume) was from AGA, (Stockholm, Sweden). Methanol of HPLC quality (Merck) was used as a mobile phase. Isolute sorbent (pelletized diatomaceous earth. International Sorbent Technology, Great Britain) was used as adsorbent in the initial studies. 

Egeback, K.-E. (1992). Fleet Test with 32 Ethanol Buses at Stockliolm Transport. Emissions from Ethanol-Fuelled Buses. AB Svensk Bilprovning, Haninge, Sweden, Report No MTC 9056 S. In Swedish. 

Screenwashes were typically 50 50 methanol and water but now usually contain typically 10-50% isopropanol although some mixed propanols are also used (w-propanol and isopropanol). In a small number of formulations, ethanol is used in similar proportions to isopropanol. Ethanol is the favoured alcohol in the Scandinavian countries (Norway, Sweden and Finland) where prices of isopropanol and ethanol are comparable. Methanol is used in the USA, where price is the dominant factor. Some changes are taking place as formulations based on isopropanol/ethanol are now comparable in price to the normal 20-30% methanol-based systems. The green benefits of using ethanol from renewable fermentation sources is also causing a small but discernible shift. 

Domsjo Fabriker AB (formerly part of the MoDo group) has one facility in Sweden with capacity to produce about 25000 tons of softwood lignosulphonate per year. The facOity is integrated with ethanol production [38]. The company has a technology licensing agreement with Nippon Paper Chemicals for the manufacture of concrete additives [36]. 

Taherzadeh MJ. (1999). Ethanol from lignocellulose physiological effects of inhibitors and fermentation strategies. Department of Chemical Reaction Engineering. Goteborg, Sweden, Chalmers University of Technology. 

Cross-linked agarose (Sepharose CL-6B) (GE Healthcare, Uppsala, Sweden) can be obtained as a suspension of beads in a 20% (v/v) aqueous ethanol solution. Store at 4°C, avoiding periods of dryness. Agitation of gel suspensions, when required, should be done with an orbital shaker and not a magnetic stirrer. 

In Sweden, Elwin and Andersson found that the pH dependency of inhibition depends upon the substance causing gastrin release. A pH of 1.0-1.5 is required to inhibit the effect of perfusion of the antrum with ethanol, whereas pH 3.0-5.0 is sufficient to inhibit the effect of glycine. ... 

The flat surfaces were modified gold QCM crystals (QSX-301, Q-Sense, Sweden). Prior to use, the surface of the crystals was placed in contact with chromosutfuric acid (BIC) for 3 X 5 min, washed with Miflipore water, then with 99.5% pure ethanol, and finally dried with a gentle jet of filtered N2 gas. Thiol modification of these surfaces followed the same procedure as for the gold colloidal probes. 

A -succimidyl-3-(2-pyridyldithio)-propionate (SPDP, Pharmacia, Uppsala, Sweden), 40 mM solution in ethanol, dissolve 12 5 mg SPDP per mL of ethanol at 37°C, store at -80°C for up to 2 wk... 

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