Electrochemicals Sweden

Light scattering (nephelometry) was used as a detection system for gly-cosaminoglycans from urine, eluted from a DEAE Sephadex (Pharmacia Biotechnology Uppsala, Sweden) A-25 column.68 This technique has been more recently applied to protein characterization.69 Interferometry was used for analysis of dextran eluted from a size exclusion column.70 One of the problems of electrochemical detection is that it is relatively insensitive to polymers. Because many of the materials discussed below (DNA, proteins, and polysaccharides) are polymeric, a brief mention of some alternative... 

Electrochemical Nitrations. A method developed in 1956 in Sweden by Ohman for prepn of nitric acid esters has been described in several patents. The method consists in anodic oxidation (using a bright platinum anode) in presence of nitric acid, or its salts (such.as Ca nitrate). The compds to be nitrated areunsaturated hydrocarbons (such as ethylene, propylene, butylene, etc), which can be dissolved in nonaqueous solvents (such as acetone). The OH concn is maintained low during the reaction by adding either coned nitric acid or glacial acetic acid. Water should be absent to prevent the formation of various by-products... 

Electrochemical, voltammetric Winquist (Sweden) Characterization of waters with an array of noble metals [17]... 

Biosensors based on optical fibers as transduction element have been recently reviewed by Wolfbeis [97]. Optical biosensors based on miniattaized SPR or on evanescent field monitoring are not as often found in miniaturized biosensors, especially in comparison to miniaturized electrochemical transducers, yet. Two examples will be given here a miniaturized SPR biosensor by Cullen and co-workers [98] and an evanescent based microchip biosensor by Borchers and co-workers [99]. The best-known SPR biosensor is the BIAcore device from Pharmacia Company, Sweden. It has been on the market for over a decade and is routinely used for hybridization kinetic analyses, specificity analyses, etc. Cullen and co-workers have incorporated a commercially available miniaturized SPR transducer into a field analyzer and developed a competition and inhibition assay for an estrogenic compound in water samples that function as endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs). 

It was then natural to assume further that the usual operation of elective affinity is itself electrostatic, the attraction of oppositely charged atoms of different species. Davy in England, and Jons Berzelius in Sweden, both soon came to this view, and the latter formulated an electrochemical theory of the formation of compounds, published in 1814, which put forward this dualistic hypothesis in explanation of all chemical action. Berzelius even extended these ideas into organic chemistry, proposing that groups of atoms can form compound radicals , positive and negative, which then join together as elements would. 

On the use of water power, see StafFan Hansson, Porjus En vision for industriell utveckling i ovre Norrland (LuleS Tekniska hOgskolan i LuleS, 1994), p. 331. One of the first buyers of power from northern Sweden was Stockholms superfosfat, but the attempts to create an electrochemical industry in northern Sweden, however, failed. See Hansson, pp. 226f., 245,252-260. 

G. Marko-Varga, in Carbohydrate Determinations in LC and FIA Using Immobilized Enzymes and Electrochemical Detection - Extension of Selectivity and Sensitivity , Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of Lund, Sweden (1988). 

Lagerberg, S., Bernhardsson, S., and Lau, P., Electrochemical Testing Methods for the Study of Localized Corrosion, 10th Scandinavian Corrosion Congress, Swedish-Corrosion Institute, Stockholm, Sweden, 1986, pp. 271-277. 

Electrochemical oxygen concentration cells using solid electrolyte (also called as zirconia O2 analyzer or zirconia oxygen probe) are now well established and powerful tools. Such devices are offered in length up to 4 m by several companies, i.e., Rosemount Analytical Inc. (USA), ABB (Switzerland, Sweden), Ametek (USA), Yokogawa (Japan), Enotec (Germany),... 

As was the case for the previously discovered transuranium elements, element 97 was first produced via a nuclear bombardment reaction. In December 1949 ion-exchange separation of the products formed by the bombardment of Am with accelerated alpha particles provided a new electron-capture activity eluting just ahead of curium [1,2]. This activity was assigned to an isotope (mass number 243) of element 97. The new element was named berkelium after Berkeley, California, the city of its discovery, in a parallel manner to the naming of its lanthanide analog, terbium, after Ytterby, Sweden. The initial investigations of the chemical properties of berkelium were limited to tracer experiments (ion exchange and co-precipitation), but these were sufficient to establish the stability of Bk(iii) and the accessibility of Bk(iv) in aqueous solution and to estimate the electrochemical potential of the Bk(iv)/Bk(iii) couple [2,3]. 

Carlson was not scientifically educated for the industry he ran. He was an industrial man relying on science, having to employ scientists with chemical training in order to develop his enterprises. But he kept careful control over supervision by employing his son, Birger Carlson, as scientific supervisor. Carlson s activities became the scientifically most advanced in Sweden. He saw possibilities in the sciences as perhaps no other industrialist in Sweden did, and was the first in Sweden to use Svante Arrhenius s electrochemical ideas in industry, mostly for carbide production. 

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