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Solid oxidizers

Fuels which have been used include hydrogen, hydrazine, methanol and ammonia, while oxidants are usually oxygen or air. Electrolytes comprise alkali solutions, molten carbonates, solid oxides, ion-exchange resins, etc. [Pg.183]

The white solid oxides MjO and M 0 are formed by direct union of the elements. The oxides MjO and the oxides M"0 of calcium down to radium have ionic lattices and are all highly basic they react exothermically with water to give the hydroxides, with acids to give salts, and with carbon dioxide to give carbonates. For example... [Pg.129]

Titanium forms dihalides TiXj, for example titanium(II) chloride, formed by heating titanium metal and the tetrachloride to about 1200 K. TiCl2 is a black solid, which disproportionates on standing to TiCl4 + Ti. Since it reduces water to hydrogen, there is no aqueous chemistry for titanium(II). A solid oxide TiO is known. [Pg.372]

Excess standard acid is added, and the excess (after disappearance of the solid oxide) is estimated by titration with standard potassium manganate(VII). [Pg.388]

AFC = all line fuel ceU MCFC = molten carbonate fuel ceU PAFC = phosphoric acid fuel ceU PEFC = polymer electrolyte fuel ceU and SOFC = solid oxide fuel ceU. [Pg.577]

The Fire Triangle The well-known/i/ g triangle (see Fig. 26-33) is used to represent the three conditions necessary for a fire (1) fuel, (2) oxygen or other oxidizer (a gaseous oxidizer such as chlorine, a liquid oxidizer such as bromine, or a solid oxidizer such as sodium bro-mate), and (3) heat (energy). [Pg.2314]

Alkaline Polviiier Phosphoric acid Molten caii)onate Solid oxide KOH CFiCFp OCF,SOT H.PO, LFCO,-K,CO,. 36.3 353 47.3 92.3 127.3 90 80 200 650 1000 W -Atev Water Steaiii/water Ail- Air... [Pg.2411]

Solid Oxide Fuel Cell In SOF(7s the electrolyte is a ceramic oxide ion conductor, such as vttriurn-doped zirconium oxide. The conduetKity of this material is 0.1 S/ern at 1273 K (1832°F) it decreases to 0.01 S/ern at 1073 K (1472°F), and by another order of magnitude at 773 K (932°F). Because the resistive losses need to be kept below about 50 rn, the operating temperature of the... [Pg.2413]

An effect which is frequently encountered in oxide catalysts is that of promoters on the activity. An example of this is the small addition of lidrium oxide, Li20 which promotes, or increases, the catalytic activity of dre alkaline earth oxide BaO. Although little is known about the exact role of lithium on the surface structure of BaO, it would seem plausible that this effect is due to the introduction of more oxygen vacancies on the surface. This effect is well known in the chemistry of solid oxides. For example, the addition of lithium oxide to nickel oxide, in which a solid solution is formed, causes an increase in the concentration of dre major point defect which is the Ni + ion. Since the valency of dre cation in dre alkaline earth oxides can only take the value two the incorporation of lithium oxide in solid solution can only lead to oxygen vacaircy formation. Schematic equations for the two processes are... [Pg.141]

Solid oxide fuel cells consist of solid electrolytes held between metallic or oxide elecU odes. The most successful fuel cell utilizing an oxide electrolyte to date employs Zr02 containing a few mole per cent of yttrium oxide, which operates in tire temperature range 1100-1300 K. Other electrolytes based... [Pg.244]

Both partial reactions are stimulated on uncovered areas of the metal surface. Coverage of such a region is determined by whether the corrosion product is formed actually on the metal surface or whether it arises initially as solid oxide at some... [Pg.139]

Electrochemistry plays an important role in the large domain of. sensors, especially for gas analysis, that turn the chemical concentration of a gas component into an electrical signal. The longest-established sensors of this kind depend on superionic conductors, notably stabilised zirconia. The most important is probably the oxygen sensor used for analysing automobile exhaust gases (Figure 11.10). The space on one side of a solid-oxide electrolyte is filled with the gas to be analysed, the other side... [Pg.454]

Singhal, S.C. (2000) Science and technology of solid-oxide fuel cells, MRS Bull. 25(3), 16. [Pg.461]

Ash solubilization and volatile suspended-solids oxidation also decrease the solids loads to downstream solids-handling units. [Pg.515]

Current availability of individual lanthanides (plus Y and La) in a state of high purity and relatively low cost has stimulated research into potential new applications. These are mainly in the field of solid state chemistry and include solid oxide fuel cells, new phosphors and perhaps most significantly high temperature superconductors... [Pg.1232]

Solid Oxide Fuel Cell developed by Baur, Preis and Schottk (1951)... [Pg.522]

Solid Oxide 800-1000 Maximum fuel flexibility Highest co-generertion efficiency Exotic materials Sealing and cracking issues Distribute power Utilities... [Pg.527]

Beyond the ATS program, the DOE is looking at several new initiatives to work on -with industry. One, Vision 21, aims to virtually eliminate environmental concerns associated with coal and fossil systems while achieving 60 percent efficiency for coal-based plants, 75 percent efficiency for gas-based plants, and 85 percent for coproduction facilities. Two additional fossil cycles have been proposed that can achieve 60 percent efficiency. One incorporates a gasifier and solid oxide fuel into a combined cycle the other adds a pyrolyzer with a pressurized fluidized bed combustor. Also under consideration is the development of a flexible midsize gas turbine. This initiative would reduce the gap between the utility-size turbines and industrial turbines that occurred during the DOE ATS program. [Pg.1181]

Pourbaix has evaluated all possible equilibria between a metal M and HjO (see Table 1.7) and has consolidated the data into a single potential-pH diagram, which provides a pictorial summary of the anions and cations (nature and activity) and solid oxides (hydroxides, hydrated oxides and oxides) that are at equilibrium at any given pH and potential a similar approach has been adopted for certain M-H2O-X systems where A" is a non-metal, e.g. Cr, CN , CO, SOj , POj", etc. at a defined concentration. These diagrams give the activities of the metal cations and anions at any specified E and pH, and in order to define corrosion in terms of an equilibrium activity, Pourbaix has selected the arbitrary value of 10 ° g ion/1, i.e. corrosion of a metal is defined in terms of the pH and potential that give an equilibrium activity of metal cations or anions > 10 g ion/1 conversely, passivity and immunity are defined in terms of an equilibrium activity of < 10 g ion/1. (Note that g ion/1 is used here because this is the unit used by Pourbaix in the S.I, the relative activity is dimensionless.)... [Pg.65]

The Af-HjO diagrams present the equilibria at various pHs and potentials between the metal, metal ions and solid oxides and hydroxides for systems in which the only reactants are metal, water, and hydrogen and hydroxyl ions a situation that is extremely unlikely to prevail in real solutions that usually contain a variety of electrolytes and non-electrolytes. Thus a solution of pH 1 may be prepared from either hydrochloric, sulphuric, nitric or perchloric acids, and in each case a different anion will be introduced into the solution with the consequent possibility of the formation of species other than those predicted in the Af-HjO system. In general, anions that form soluble complexes will tend to extend the zones of corrosion, whereas anions that form insoluble compounds will tend to extend the zone of passivity. However, provided the relevant thermodynamic data are aveiil-able, the effect of these anions can be incorporated into the diagram, and diagrams of the type Af-HjO-A" are available in Cebelcor reports and in the published literature. [Pg.68]

Although thermodynamics can predict the region of pH and potential in which solid oxides, hydroxides and other compounds are stable, it can provide no other information thus on the basis of these considerations alone a metal in the passive region should be completely converted to a solid compound by reacting with water with a consequent loss of properties. [Pg.72]

Some emphasis has been placed inthis Section on the nature of theel trified interface since it is apparent that adsorption at the interface between the metal and solution is a precursor to the electrochemical reactions that constitute corrosion in aqueous solution. The majority of studies of adsorption have been carried out using a mercury electrode (determination of surface tension us. potential, impedance us. potential, etc.) and this has lead to a grater understanding of the nature of the electrihed interface and of the forces that are responsible for adsorption of anions and cations from solution. Unfortunately, it is more difficult to study adsorption on clean solid metal surfaces (e.g. platinum), and the situation is even more complicated when the surface of the metal is filmed with solid oxide. Nevertheless, information obtained with the mercury electrode can be used to provide a qualitative interpretation of adsorption phenomenon in the corrosion of metals, and in order to emphasise the importance of adsorption phenomena some examples are outlined below. [Pg.1188]


See other pages where Solid oxidizers is mentioned: [Pg.580]    [Pg.584]    [Pg.395]    [Pg.2357]    [Pg.2411]    [Pg.2411]    [Pg.239]    [Pg.244]    [Pg.246]    [Pg.282]    [Pg.322]    [Pg.184]    [Pg.199]    [Pg.199]    [Pg.453]    [Pg.453]    [Pg.471]    [Pg.168]    [Pg.494]    [Pg.528]    [Pg.1178]    [Pg.965]    [Pg.967]    [Pg.1189]   
See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.237 ]




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1- Adamantanol via solid support oxidation

2-Adamantanone via solid support oxidation

A Catalytic Oxidation Tool. Fenton Chemistry in Solid Catalyst Synthesis

Advanced Inorganic Materials for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

Alkenes oxidation solid catalysts

Anode for solid oxide fuel cells

Anodes solid oxide fuel cells

Basicity of solid oxides

Bismuth oxide-based solid solutions

Bond Graph Modelling of a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell

C-X-Y-Fragment (Nitrile Oxide on Solid Phase)

Cathodes solid oxide fuel cells

Ceria in Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Electrodes

Complex oxides and their solid solution of irons

Composite solid oxide

Compressive seals, for solid oxide

Compressive seals, for solid oxide fuel cells

Cosmetics, oxidizing material, solid

Criteria for Metal Oxide Application in Solid Electrolyte-Based Gas Sensors

Data Oxygen Permeability of Solid Oxide Membranes

Dense Solid Electrolyte and Oxide Membranes

Dioxygen solid-state oxidation

Drugs, oxidizing, solid

Durability of solid oxide fuel cells

Early History of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell

Electrochemical carbon oxidation solid electrolytes

Electrodes for solid oxide fuel cells

Electrolysis solid oxide

Electrolytes for solid oxide fuel cells

Energy conversion membranes solid oxide fuel cells

Equilibria in solid oxide-ionic melt systems

Extended high-temperature solid-oxide fuel

Flammable Solids, Oxidizers and Organic Peroxides

Fuel cells high-pressure solid oxide

Fuel cells solid oxide

Fuel solid oxide

G. Kaur, Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Components

General Electric, solid oxide fuel cell

Hammou Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

Heterogeneous solid oxides

High power density solid oxide fuel cell

High-temperature solid-oxide fuel

Hydrogen solid oxide fuel cell

Hydrous oxide solid-phase adsorbents

Hydrous oxide solid-phase adsorbents adsorbate

Interconnectors for solid oxide fuel cell

Intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells

Intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells ITSOFC)

Intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells IT-SOFCs)

Internal Oxidation in Nonmetallic Solid Solutions

Ionic conductivity solid oxide fuel cells

Japan solid oxide fuel cell development

Ketoacetates via solid support oxidation of acetates

Lead oxide , solid solns

Lead oxide , solid solns pyrochlor

Low-temperature solid oxide fuel

Low-temperature solid oxide fuel cells

Membrane dense solid oxide

Mesoporous metal oxide solid acids

Metal Oxides with Ionic Conductivity Solid Electrolytes

Metal oxide solid electrolytes

Metal oxide solid electrolytes fluorite-type oxides

Metal oxide solid electrolytes yttria-stabilized zirconia

Metal oxide, solid solutions

Micro-solid oxide fuel cells

Mixed solid oxide

Mixed-conducting solid oxide

Mixed-conducting solid oxide membrane

Nanostructured metal oxide solid acid

New Oxidizers for Solid Rocket Motors

Nitric oxide, solid

Nitro compounds via solid support oxidation of amines

Non-oxide microporous solids

On the Path to Practical Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

Open-Framework Solids of the Vanadium Oxide-Phosphate System

Overview of Intermediate-Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

Oxidants, solid

Oxidants, solid

Oxidation Catalyzed by Solid Heteropoly Compounds

Oxidation in the Solid Phase

Oxidation of carbonaceous solids

Oxidation on solid

Oxidation potential solid electrolyte sensors

Oxidation solid state

Oxidation solid-state oxidations

Oxidation solid-supported reagents

Oxidation solids

Oxidation solids

Oxidation states, solid state

Oxide glasses amorphous solids

Oxide ion-conducting solid electrolyte

Oxide-solid interfaces

Oxides solid-oxide fuel cells

Oxidized solid oxygen carrier

Oxidizers solid rocket propellants

Oxidizing agents, solid supported

Oxidizing solid

Oxidizing solid

Oxygen electrolytes, solid oxide fuel cell

Perovskite solid oxide

Plutonium processing solid, oxidizers

Polyacrylonitrile solid oxide

Polyacrylonitrile solid oxide electrolyte

Practical Test Methods Suited to Solid Oxidizers

Propene, 1-phenylallylic oxidation solid support

Proton conducting solid oxide fuel cells

Quinone diacetals via solid support oxidation

Regenerative solid oxide electrolyte

Research solid oxide fuel cells

Ruthenium oxide , solid solns, with

SOFC cathodes Solid oxide fuel cells

Single-chamber solid oxide fuel cells

Single-chamber solid oxide fuel cells SC-SOFCs)

Single-phase oxide solid-solutions

Sites solid oxide fuel cells

Solid Oxide (SOFC)

Solid Oxide Electrolyte (SOE)

Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Electrode Fabrication by Infiltration

Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Materials and Performance

Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Maximum Voltage

Solid Oxide Fuel Cell alternative concepts

Solid Oxide Fuel Cell electrode

Solid Oxide Fuel Cell electrolyte, alternative

Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Past, Present and Future

Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: Materials Properties and Performance

Solid Phases Hydroxides, Oxyhydroxides, Oxides

Solid acid catalysts sulfated metal oxides

Solid and gaseous oxides

Solid bases magnesium oxide

Solid binary oxides, structure-bonding

Solid ceramic oxide electrolyte

Solid mixed oxides, structure-bonding

Solid oxidation catalysts, surface

Solid oxide

Solid oxide

Solid oxide cells

Solid oxide electrodes

Solid oxide electrolysis cells

Solid oxide electrolyzer cells

Solid oxide fuel cell Carbonate

Solid oxide fuel cell Direct conversion

Solid oxide fuel cell Future directions

Solid oxide fuel cell Introduction

Solid oxide fuel cell active parts

Solid oxide fuel cell anode materials

Solid oxide fuel cell anodes ceramic

Solid oxide fuel cell anodes conventional

Solid oxide fuel cell anodes perovskite-type materials

Solid oxide fuel cell carbon

Solid oxide fuel cell cathode materials

Solid oxide fuel cell cathodes conventional

Solid oxide fuel cell cathodes perovskite-type materials

Solid oxide fuel cell chromium

Solid oxide fuel cell companies

Solid oxide fuel cell competitiveness

Solid oxide fuel cell components

Solid oxide fuel cell conductor

Solid oxide fuel cell configurations

Solid oxide fuel cell contamination

Solid oxide fuel cell degradation

Solid oxide fuel cell deposition

Solid oxide fuel cell devices

Solid oxide fuel cell different types

Solid oxide fuel cell electrochemical reaction

Solid oxide fuel cell electrolyte

Solid oxide fuel cell electrolytes ceria-based

Solid oxide fuel cell electrolytes conventional

Solid oxide fuel cell electrolytes materials

Solid oxide fuel cell electrolytes perovskite-type materials

Solid oxide fuel cell electrolytes zirconia-based

Solid oxide fuel cell gadolinium-doped ceria

Solid oxide fuel cell interconnects

Solid oxide fuel cell issues

Solid oxide fuel cell membrane reactors

Solid oxide fuel cell performance

Solid oxide fuel cell reduction potential

Solid oxide fuel cell type membrane

Solid oxide fuel cell type membrane reactor

Solid oxide fuel cells -based

Solid oxide fuel cells Ceria-based materials

Solid oxide fuel cells PEMFCs, working with

Solid oxide fuel cells SOFCs)

Solid oxide fuel cells Westinghouse tubular cell

Solid oxide fuel cells Zirconia-based materials

Solid oxide fuel cells advantages

Solid oxide fuel cells and membranes

Solid oxide fuel cells apatites

Solid oxide fuel cells basic components

Solid oxide fuel cells cathode, electrochemical reactions

Solid oxide fuel cells cell design

Solid oxide fuel cells cell interconnection

Solid oxide fuel cells chemical thermodynamics

Solid oxide fuel cells combined cycle systems

Solid oxide fuel cells combined cycles

Solid oxide fuel cells conductivity

Solid oxide fuel cells development

Solid oxide fuel cells disadvantages

Solid oxide fuel cells drawbacks

Solid oxide fuel cells durability

Solid oxide fuel cells fabrication techniques

Solid oxide fuel cells finite element analysis

Solid oxide fuel cells first generation

Solid oxide fuel cells heat generation from

Solid oxide fuel cells high power

Solid oxide fuel cells high-temperature environment

Solid oxide fuel cells hybrid systems

Solid oxide fuel cells interconnection

Solid oxide fuel cells introduced

Solid oxide fuel cells manufacture

Solid oxide fuel cells manufacturing

Solid oxide fuel cells membrane

Solid oxide fuel cells merits

Solid oxide fuel cells metallic

Solid oxide fuel cells metallic interconnectors

Solid oxide fuel cells methane steam reforming

Solid oxide fuel cells methods

Solid oxide fuel cells modeling

Solid oxide fuel cells monolithic

Solid oxide fuel cells nanostructured materials

Solid oxide fuel cells operating principle

Solid oxide fuel cells operating temperature

Solid oxide fuel cells operation

Solid oxide fuel cells other materials

Solid oxide fuel cells overall chemical reaction

Solid oxide fuel cells oxygen reduction

Solid oxide fuel cells planar design

Solid oxide fuel cells potential application

Solid oxide fuel cells power plant, components

Solid oxide fuel cells power systems

Solid oxide fuel cells pressure

Solid oxide fuel cells reducing operation temperature

Solid oxide fuel cells requirements

Solid oxide fuel cells reversible

Solid oxide fuel cells schematic

Solid oxide fuel cells sealant

Solid oxide fuel cells stack design

Solid oxide fuel cells stationary

Solid oxide fuel cells stationary power generation, application

Solid oxide fuel cells structure

Solid oxide fuel cells systems

Solid oxide fuel cells temperature

Solid oxide fuel cells thickness

Solid oxide fuel cells thin-film

Solid oxide fuel cells tubular design

Solid oxide fuel cells tubular-type

Solid oxide fuel cells zirconia-based

Solid oxide fuel cells, SOFC

Solid oxide fuel cells, vii

Solid oxide fuel cells, viii

Solid oxide membranes

Solid oxide, planar geometry

Solid oxides ionicity/covalency

Solid oxides structures

Solid oxidizing agents

Solid phase oxidations

Solid potentiometric gaseous oxide

Solid solution between perovskite oxides

Solid solution between pyrochlore oxides

Solid solutions of oxides

Solid solutions, oxide cathodes

Solid solutions, propylene oxidation

Solid state chemistry oxide

Solid state oxide phases

Solid state reactions oxidation

Solid surface energy oxides

Solid surfaces, acid-base character oxides

Solid-State Chemistry of Supported Metal Oxides

Solid-State NMR of Oxidation Catalysts

Solid-oxide electrolytes

Solid-oxide fuel cells electrical conductivity

Solid-oxide fuel cells fluorite

Solid-oxide fuel cells materials challenges

Solid-oxide fuel cells perovskite

Solid-oxide fuel cells reactions between

Solid-oxide fuel cells temperature stability

Solid-oxide fuel-cell applications

Solid-phase synthesis oxidation reactions

Solid-state NMR analysis oxide-support

Solid-state electrochemistry oxide conduction

Solid-state redox reactions, oxide cathodes

The High-Temperature Solid-Oxide (HTSO) Fuel Cell

The Solid Oxide Fuel Cell

The mixed oxide or solid state route

Thermal-Hydraulic Model of a Monolithic Solid Oxide Fuel Cell

Tubular solid oxide fuel cell

Tungsten oxide solid state chemistry

Use in Solid Oxide Cells and Oxygen Membranes

Which Metal Oxides Are Better for Solid-State Electrochemical Gas Sensors

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