Solid oxide fuel cells operating temperature

Baozhen Li etal, 2001, Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Operable over Wide Temperature Range. US Patent 6,207,311. 

For this reason, the search for solid oxide fuel cells operable at lower temperatures has been primarily via the development of new types of materials for the electrolyte and the electrodes that could work at these temperatures. 

US Patent n°6,207,311 Bl, Inventors Baozhen L., Ruka R., Singhal S.C., Solid Oxide Fuel Cell operable over wide temperature range, Assigne Siemens Westinghouse Power Corporation, 27/3/2001. 

Badwal SPS, Ciacchi FT, Milosevic D (2000) Scandia-zirconia electrolytes for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cell operation. Solid State Ion 136-137 91-99... 

As constructive alternatives, SOFCs can be used as planar or tubular SOFCs, respectively. In the past period, the planar SOFCs become more attractive for the commercialization because of their high power density and low production costs [2]. The planar SOFCs may also be divided into (i) electrolyte-supported and (ii) anode-supported solid oxide fuel cells. Also, more and more attention was focused on solid oxide fuel cells operating at low and/or intermediate temperatures. The decrease of temperature demands an electrolyte with higher ionic conductivity than, for example, the conventional YSZ. 

Sauvet, A.-L. and Fouletier, J. Catalytic properties of new anode materials for solid oxide fuel cells operated under methane at intermediary temperature. J. Power Sources 2001,101, 259-266. 

Fig. 1.11 Structural diagram of a single solid oxide fuel cell (operating at an elevated —temperature)...

Sahibzada, M., B. C. H. Steel, K. Hellgardt, D. Barth, A. Effendi, D. Mantzavinos and I. S. Metcalfe. Intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells operated with methanol fuels. Chemical Engineering Journal 55 3077-3083,2000. 

Brisse, A., Barthet, C., Sauvet, A.L., Beaudet-Savignat, S. and Fouletier, J., Study of a new solid oxide fuel cell operated at intermediate temperature 650°-700°C, Ninth International Symposium on Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC-IX), Eds. S.C. Singhal and J. Mizusaki, pp. 363-370. The Electrochemical Soc., Inc., Pennington, NJ, USA. 

One type of fuel cell, the solid oxide fuel cell, operates at high temperatures. A solid oxide fuel ceU is fed 0.32 mol/s H2 and 0.16 mol/s O2, and the reaction goes to completion. The heat loss rate (in W) is given by ... 

Solid Oxide Fuel Cell In SOF(7s the electrolyte is a ceramic oxide ion conductor, such as vttriurn-doped zirconium oxide. The conduetKity of this material is 0.1 S/ern at 1273 K (1832°F) it decreases to 0.01 S/ern at 1073 K (1472°F), and by another order of magnitude at 773 K (932°F). Because the resistive losses need to be kept below about 50 rn, the operating temperature of the... 

Solid oxide fuel cells consist of solid electrolytes held between metallic or oxide elecU odes. The most successful fuel cell utilizing an oxide electrolyte to date employs Zr02 containing a few mole per cent of yttrium oxide, which operates in tire temperature range 1100-1300 K. Other electrolytes based... 

There are six different types of fuel cells (Table 1.6) (1) alkaline fuel cell (AFC), (2) direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC), (3) molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC), (4) phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC), (5) proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), and (6) the solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). They all differ in applications, operating temperatures, cost, and efficiency. 

A fuel cell is a form of battery. An ordinary battery consists of internal reactants that are converted into electrical energy, whereas in a fuel cell the chemical reactants are supplied from an external source. There are several designs of fuel cell, one of which is the solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). These employ calcia- or yttria-stabilized zirco-nia. The cells operate at temperatures of about 900°C, this high temperature being needed to maintain a high enough oxygen transport for useful cell output. 

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