Solid-oxide fuel-cell applications

Gong M, Liu X, Trembly J, and Johnson C. Sulfur-tolerant anode materials for solid oxide fuel cell application. J Power Sources 2007 168 289-298. 

Schiller G, Henne R, and Ruckdaeschel R. Vacuum plasma sprayed protective layers for solid oxide fuel cell application. J. Adv. Mat. 2000 32 3-8. 

Shi, L. and Bayless, D.J. Analysis of jet fuel reforming for solid oxide fuel cell applications in auxiliary power units. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2008, 33 (3), 1067. 

Gbdickemeier M, Sasaki K, Gauckler L. In Dokiya M, Yamomoto O, Tagawa H, Singhal SC, editors. Solid oxide fuel cells IV. The Electrochemical Society, Pennington, NJ 1995. Milliken C, Elangovan S, Hartvigsen J, Khandkar A. Ceria Electrolyte for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Applications. Report TR-109199, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA, Nov. 1997. 

Y.S. Chou, J.W. Stevenson, and L.A. Chick, Novel compressive mica seals with metallic interlayers for solid oxide fuel cell applications. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 86(6) (2003) 1003-1007. 

Chour KW, Chen J, Xu R. Metal-organic vapor deposition of YSZ electrolyte layers for solid oxide fuel cell applications. Thin Solid Films 1997 304 106-12. 

Syskakis, E., Jungen, W., and Naoumidis, A. (1993) Properties of per-ovskite powders and ceramics for solid oxide fuel cell application. In International Conference on Materials by Powder Technology PTM 93, Dresden, 23-26 March 1993 (ed. F. Aldinger), DGM Informationsgesellschaft, Oberursel, pp. 707-715. 

Ghosh, S., Das Sharma, A., Kundu, P., Mahanty, S., and Basu, R.N. (2008) Development and characterizations of BaO—CaO—AI2O3 —Si02 glass-ceramic sealants for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cell application. J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 354, 4081-4088. 

Chou, Y.S., Thomsen, E.C., Williams, R.T., Choi, J.P., Canfield, N.L., Bonnett, J.E., Stevenson, J.W., Shyam, A., and Lara-Curzio, E. (2011) Compliant alkali silicate sealing glass for solid oxide fuel cell applications thermal cycle Stability and chemical compatibility. J. Power Sources, 196, 2709-2716. 

Recent work by Flytzani-Stephanopoulos et al. dealt with lanthana and ceria adsorbents, which were operated at high temperatures of up to 800 °C for solid oxide fuel cell applications [299]. However, their adsorption capacity was much lower compared with zinc oxide, in the region of 0.001 g S per g adsorbent. 

Ball, R.J. and R. Stevens, Novel Composite Electrolytes for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Applications , paper presented at the 26th Annual International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Composites, Cocoa Beach, FL, January 13 - 18, 2002. 

Table 1.5 Important materials for perovskite oxide for solid oxide fuel cell applications...

S. Molin, M. Gazda et al.. High temperature oxidation of porous alloys fm solid oxide fuel cell applications. Solid State Ionics 181, 1214—1220 (2010)... 

W. Liu, X. Sun, E. Stephens, M. Khaleel, Life prediction of coated and uncoated metallic interconnect for solid oxide fuel cell applications. J. Power Sources 189(2), 1044—1050 (2009)... 

Current availability of individual lanthanides (plus Y and La) in a state of high purity and relatively low cost has stimulated research into potential new applications. These are mainly in the field of solid state chemistry and include solid oxide fuel cells, new phosphors and perhaps most significantly high temperature superconductors... 

Today, the term solid electrolyte or fast ionic conductor or, sometimes, superionic conductor is used to describe solid materials whose conductivity is wholly due to ionic displacement. Mixed conductors exhibit both ionic and electronic conductivity. Solid electrolytes range from hard, refractory materials, such as 8 mol% Y2C>3-stabilized Zr02(YSZ) or sodium fT-AbCb (NaAluOn), to soft proton-exchange polymeric membranes such as Du Pont s Nafion and include compounds that are stoichiometric (Agl), non-stoichiometric (sodium J3"-A12C>3) or doped (YSZ). The preparation, properties, and some applications of solid electrolytes have been discussed in a number of books2 5 and reviews.6,7 The main commercial application of solid electrolytes is in gas sensors.8,9 Another emerging application is in solid oxide fuel cells.4,5,1, n... 

Double Substitution In such processes, two substitutions take place simultaneously. For example, in perovskite oxides, La may be replaced by Sr at the same time as Co is replaced by Fe to give solid solutions Lai Sr Coi yFey03 5. These materials exhibit mixed ionic and electronic conduction at high temperatures and have been used in a number of applications, including solid oxide fuel cells and oxygen separation. 

Solid mixed ionic-electronic conductors (MIECs) exhibit both ionic and electronic (electron-hole) conductivity. Naturally, in any material there are in principle nonzero electronic and ionic conductivities (a i, a,). It is customary to limit the use of the term MIEC to those materials in which a, and 0, 1 do not differ by more than two orders of magnitude. It is also customary to use the term MIEC if a, and Ogi are not too low (o, a i 10 S/cm). Obviously, there are no strict rules. There are processes where the minority carriers play an important role despite the fact that 0,70 1 exceeds those limits and a, aj,i< 10 S/cm. In MIECs, ion transport normally occurs via interstitial sites or by hopping into a vacant site or a more complex combination based on interstitial and vacant sites, and electronic (electron/hole) conductivity occurs via delocalized states in the conduction/valence band or via localized states by a thermally assisted hopping mechanism. With respect to their properties, MIECs have found wide applications in solid oxide fuel cells, batteries, smart windows, selective membranes, sensors, catalysis, and so on. 

There are six different types of fuel cells (Table 1.6) (1) alkaline fuel cell (AFC), (2) direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC), (3) molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC), (4) phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC), (5) proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), and (6) the solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). They all differ in applications, operating temperatures, cost, and efficiency. 

S. C. Singhal and K. Kendall, High Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, Fundamentals, Design, and Application, 2003 Elsevier, ISBN 1856173879. 

M. Bram et al., Basic investigations on metallic and composite gaskets for an application in SOFC stacks, in Proceedings of the Fifth European Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Forum, J. Huijsmans (ed.), 1-5 July 2002, Lucerne, Switzerland, 2202, pp. 847-854. 

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