Gas turbine industrial

Evaporative Cooling of the Turbine. Traditional evaporative coolers that use media for evaporation of the water have been widely used in the gas turbine industry over the years, especially in hot climates with low humidity areas. The low capital cost, installation, and operating costs make it attractive for many turbine-operating scenarios. Evaporation coolers consist of water being sprayed over the media blocks, which are made of fibrous corrugated material. The airflow through these media blocks, evaporates the water, as water evaporates, it consumes about 1059 BTU (1117kJ) (latent heat of vaporization) at 60 °F (15 °C). This results in the reduction... 

Simplex 20-200 Gas turbines, Industrial furnaces Simple, Cheap, Wide spray angle High supply pressure, Varying spray angle with pressure differential and ambient gas density... 

Thermal-spray coatings consist mostly of WC, Cr2C3, and to a lesser degree TiC and AIN. They are relatively inexpensive and widely used in corrosion and wear applications particularly in the gas-turbine industry. 

Service testing to simulate ash/salt deposit corrosion is of importance to a number of industries. The fossil-fired power generation industry must deal with what is called "fuel ash corrosion fixrm sulfur- and vanadium-containing fuels and alkali, chlorine, and sulfur in coal. The gas turbine industry must deal with "hot corrosion" problems arising fixjm sulfur in fuel and sodium salts from ingested air. Waste incineration environments can become even more complex with refuse containing sulfur, chlorine, phosphorus, and numerous metallic elements. 

Simulation Burner Rigs—In the gas turbine industry, burner rigs have been developed to rank materials. The designs may... 

A schematic diagram for a simple-cycle, single-shaft gas turbine is shown in Fig. 6.50. Air enters the axial flow compressor at point 1 of the schematic at ambient conditions. Since these conditions vary from day to day and from location to location, it is convenient to consider some standard conditions for comparative purposes. The standard conditions used by the gas turbine industry are 59°F (15°C), 14.7 psia (1.013 bar), and 60 percent relative humidity, which were established by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). These conditions are frequently referred to as ISO conditions. 

Sawyer, J. W., and D. Japikse, eds. 1985. Sawyer s Gas Turbine Engineering Handbook, 3rd ed. Norwalk, CT Turbomachinery International Publications. This three-volume work addresses theory and design, selection and various applications, and accessories and support for those in the gas turbine industry. 

A special case of Fischer-Tropsch is the production of methanol, either from gasified coal or from reformed natural gas (overseas). Crude methanol can be used as a fuel in gas turbines, industrial boilers, fuel cells, and internal combustion engines. 

Promoted vanadium pentoxide/titania and zeolite based catalysts have been used to reduce NOX emissions at low temperature from nitric acid plants, gas turbines, industrial heaters, incinerators and boilers. ... 

The advantages, and limitations, of sound intensity have been discussed in some detail and several applications have been illustrated by case histories taken from surveys carried out in the process and gas turbine industries. 

Many papers and conferences were held with little agreement, as can be seen in Fig. A-67. However since the gas turbine industry is a conservative one, it adopted the most pessimistic values as its standard, namely the National Gas Ibrbine EstabUshment (NOTE) 30-knot aerosol (Table A-11). It was treated more as a test standard rather than what its name impUed. In the absence of any other data, this was used to define the environment on offshore platforms, despite the fact that they were much higher out of the water, and did not move around at 40 knots ... 

Urea has the remarkable property of forming crystalline complexes or adducts with straight-chain organic compounds. These crystalline complexes consist of a hoUow channel, formed by the crystallized urea molecules, in which the hydrocarbon is completely occluded. Such compounds are known as clathrates. The type of hydrocarbon occluded, on the basis of its chain length, is determined by the temperature at which the clathrate is formed. This property of urea clathrates is widely used in the petroleum-refining industry for the production of jet aviation fuels (see Aviation and other gas-TURBINE fuels) and for dewaxing of lubricant oils (see also Petroleum, refinery processes). The clathrates are broken down by simply dissolving urea in water or in alcohol. 

Methanol, a clean burning fuel relative to conventional industrial fuels other than natural gas, can be used advantageously in stationary turbines and boilers because of its low flame luminosity and combustion temperature. Low NO emissions and virtually no sulfur or particulate emissions have been observed (83). Methanol is also considered for dual fuel (methanol plus oil or natural gas) combustion power boilers (84) as well as to fuel gas turbines in combined methanol / electric power production plants using coal gasification (85) (see Power generation). 

Validation and Application. VaUdated CFD examples are emerging (30) as are examples of limitations and misappHcations (31). ReaUsm depends on the adequacy of the physical and chemical representations, the scale of resolution for the appHcation, numerical accuracy of the solution algorithms, and skills appHed in execution. Data are available on performance characteristics of industrial furnaces and gas turbines systems operating with turbulent diffusion flames have been studied for simple two-dimensional geometries and selected conditions (32). Turbulent diffusion flames are produced when fuel and air are injected separately into the reactor. Second-order and infinitely fast reactions coupled with mixing have been analyzed with the k—Z model to describe the macromixing process. 

Hard facing of various components in the aircraft gas-turbine engine and in industrial apphcations for textile machinery parts, oil and gas machinery parts, paper-shtting knives, etc, is estimated at 1 x 10 in 1995 with an estimated growth rate of 5% annually. The mix is approximately 45% aerospace apphcations, 55% industrial apphcations. Additionally, repair coatings for gas-turbine blades and vanes is estimated at 500 x 10 . These coatings are primarily deposited by plasma spray, arc-wire, HVOF, and detonation gun techniques. 

Most gas turbine appHcations in the chemical industry are tied to the steam cycle, but the turbines can be integrated anywhere in the process where there is a large requirement for fired fuel. An example is the use of the heat in the gas turbine exhaust as preheated air for ethylene cracking furnaces as shown in Figure 4 (8). 

Axial Flow Compressors Axial flow compressors are used mainly as compressors for gas turbines. They are also used in the steel industiy as blast furnace blowers and in the chemical industry for large nitric acid plants. Thev are mainly used for apphcations where the head required is low and the flow large. 

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