Solid oxide fuel cells interconnects

Fergus JW. Lanthanum chromite based materials for solid oxide fuel cell interconnects. Solid State Ionics 2004 171 1-15. 

Huang W and Gopalan S. Bi-layer structures as solid oxide fuel cell interconnections. J. Power Sources 2006 154 180-183. 

Mori M and Hiei Y. Thermal expansion behavior or titanium-doped La(Sr)Cr03 solid oxide fuel cell interconnects. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 2001 84 2573-2578. 

Key words Solid Oxide Fuel Cell/Interconnect/Ferritic Steel/High Temperature Conductivity... 

Hilpert, K., Das, D., Miller, M., Peck, D.H., and Weiss, R. (1996) Chromium vapor species over solid oxide fuel cell interconnect materials and their potential for degradation processes. J. Electrochem. Soc., 143 (11), 3642-3647. 

T. Uehara, N. Yasuda, M. Okamoto, and Y. Baba, Effect of Mn-Co Spinel Coating for Fe-Cr Ferritic alloys ZMG232L, and 232J3 for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Interconnects on Oxidation Behavior and Cr-Evaporation, J. Power Sources, 196, 7251-56(2011)... 

Kuo LJH, Vora SD, Singhal SC (1997) Plasma spraying of lanthanum chromite films for solid oxide fuel cell interconnection application. J Am Ceram Soc 80 589-593... 

Cooper, L., Benhaddad, S., Wood, A. Ivey, D.G. (2008). The effect of surface treatment on the oxidation ferritic stainless steels used for solid oxide fuel cell interconnects. Journal of Power Sources. Vol. 184, pp. 220. 

Pedersen, T.F., Linderoth, S. and Laatsch, J. (2004) Oxidation behaviour of iron-chromium steels for solid oxide fuel cell interconnect. Proceedings of the sixth European Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Forum, 28 June-2 July 2004, Lucerne, Switzerland, Vol. 2, pp. 897-907. 

S. Megel, E. Girdauskaite et al.. Area specific resistance of oxide scales grown on ferritic alloys for solid oxide fuel cell interconnects. J. Power Sources (2010). doi 10.1016/ 2010.09.003... 

Zhu WZ and Deevi SC. Development of interconnect materials for solid oxide fuel cells. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 2002 A348 227-243. 

Nishiyama H, Aizawa M, Sakai N, Yokokawa H, Kawada T, and Dokiya M. Property of (La,Ca)Cr03 for interconnect in solid oxide fuel cell (part 2). Durability. J. Ceram. Soc. Japan 2001 109 527-534. 

Zhou X-L, Ma J-J, Deng F-J, Meng G-Y, and Liu X-Q. A high performance interconnecting ceramic for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). Solid State Ionics 2006 177 3461-3466. 

Zhou X, Deng F, Zhu M, Meng G, and Liu X. Novel composite interconnecting ceramics LaojCao jCrOj j/ Cc02Sm08O 9 for solid oxide fuel cells. Mater. Res. Bull. 2007 42 1582-1588. 

Meschke F, Singheiser L, and Steinbrech RW. Mechanical properties of doped LaCr03 interconnects after exposure to SOFC-relevant conditions. In McEvoy AJ, editor. European Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Forum Proceedings Vol. 2. Lucerne, Switzerland The European Fuel Cell Forum, 2000 865-873. 

J.L. Bates, "Alternative Materials for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Factors Affecting Air-Sintering of Chromite Interconnections," Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Fuel Cells Contractors Review Meeting, U.S. DOE/METC, July, 1992. 

Fig. 1.6 Illustration of a planar-stack, solid-oxide fuel cell (SOFC), where an membrane-electrode assembly (MEA) is sandwiched between an interconnect structure that forms fuel and air channels. There is homogeneous chemical reaction within the flow channels, as well as heterogeneous cehmistry at the channel walls. There are also electrochemical reactions at the electrode interfaces of the channels. A counter-flow situation is illustrated here, but co-flow and cross-flow configurations are also common. Channel cross section dimensions are typically on the order of a millimeter.

Fig. 8. Cross section of interconnection uirungemem to Term u 24-ccll bundle solid-oxide fuel cell generator. Three cells are connected in parallel and eighi in scries. ( Westinghon.se design approximation)...

Satisfactory conductivity is maintained up to 1800 °C in air but falls off at low oxygen pressures so that the upper temperature limit is reduced to 1400 °C when the pressure is reduced to 0.1 Pa. A further limitation arises from the volatility of Cr2C>3 which may contaminate the furnace charge. The combination of high melting point, high electronic conductivity and resistance to corrosion has led to the adoption of lanthanum chromite for the interconnect in high temperature solid oxide fuel cells (see Section 4.5.3). 

Electronically-conducting (Ln,A)(M,M>)03, 5 (M = Cr, Mn), used for cathodes and interconnects of - solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). 

Larring, Y. and Norby, T., Spinel and perovskite functional layers between Plansee metallic interconnect (Cr-5 wt% Fe-1 wt% Y2O3) in ceramic (Lao 85Sro.i5)o.9iMn03 cathode materials for solid oxide fuel cells, J. Electrochem. Soc., 147, 3251-3256 (2000). 

Kung, S.C. et ah. Performance of Metallic Interconnect in Solid-Oxide Fuel Cells, paper presented at the 2000 Fuel Cell Seminar, Portland, OR, October 30-November 2, 2000. 

Meulenberg, W.A. et al.. Oxidation behaviour of ferrous alloys used as interconnecting material in solid oxide fuel cells, /. Mater. Sci., 38, 507-513 (2003). 

Elangovan, S., Balagopal, S., Timper, M., Bay, I., Larsen, D., and Hartvigsen, J., Evaluation of ferritic stainless steel for use as metal interconnects for solid oxide fuel cells, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 13, 265, 2004. 

Corrosion and Protection of Metallic Interconnects in Solid-Oxide Fuel Cells... 

Clearly, not all these perovskite compositions are useful for oxygen delivery applications. For example, ceramics based on Laj.xAxCrOj (x == Sr, Ba, Ca), Lai, rxCri yMny03.5 and Lai xCaxCri yCOy03 have been proposed for use as interconnection material (separator) in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC), and therefore should be dense and impermeable in order to prevent burning off of the fuel without generating electricity [137,138]. 

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