Polyacrylonitrile solid oxide

Odian et a1 (Refs 113,133 150) showed that the deflagration rates of many composite AP solid propints were affected by gamma doses of 5 x I07 R. Two poly sulfide-based proplnts (Thiokol TP-L-3014 and TP-L-3014a) showed rate decreases, polyurethane (Thiokol TP-6-3129), polyacrylate (Hercules HES-6420) and polyacrylonitrile (HES-6648) based proplnts showed increases, while hydrocarbon (Thiokol TP-H-3062) and cellulose acetate (Hercules HES-5808) proplnts showed no changes in deflagration rate. Since the composite propint formulations contain various additives besides the binder and oxidizer, an effort was made to determine the effect of radiation on the deflagration rates of binder and oxidizer separately and independent of additives... 

Usami, T., Itih, T., Ohtani, H., Tsuge, S. (1990) Structural study of polyacrylonitrile libers during oxidative thermal degradation by pyrolysis-gas chromatography, solid state 13C Nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Macromolecules 23, 2460-2465. 

Figure 12.39 Series of transmission FTIR spectra for (a) Nikkoso precursor AN/MA/ITA, (b) Oxidized in air for 20 min 215°C/15 min 235°C, (c) Oxidized in air for 20 min 215°C/180 min 235°C, (d) Oxidized in air for 20 min 215°C/1800 min 235°C. Source Reprinted from UsamlT, ItohT, Ohtani H.Tsuge S, Structural study of polyacrylonitrile fibers during oxidative thermal degradation by Pyrolysis— Gas Chromatography, Solid State C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Macromolecules, 23, 2460-2465, 1990.

Lerner NR, Electrical conductivity and electron-spin resonance in oxidatively stabilized polyacrylonitrile subject to elevated temperature, J Appl Phys, 52(11), 6757-6762, Nov 1981. Song DY, Park JB, Takeda N, Failure behaviour and electrical property of CFRP and CFGFRP, Key Eng Mater, 183-187, 1129-1134, 2000, Published in Fracture and Strength of Solids, 2000. 

Modern lithium ion batteries use poly(ethylene oxide) or polyacrylonitrile as the sohd state electrolyte. Ideally, the hthium-salt electrolyte is dispersed in a solid polymer composite, but ion diffusion wiU occur only if the polymer is heated... 

Up to now, many types of polymer gel electrolytes have been used in quasi-solid-state DSSCs, including polyacrylonitrile (PAN), poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), and poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP). PVDF-HFP exhibits high ionic conductivity and stability at room temperature however, the complex preparation technology and the poor mechanical strength of these gel polymer-based DSSCs represent a bottleneck to their introduction to the market. To overcome this problem, the electrospinning of such polymers has been performed with the aim of integrating the resulting fibrous, easy-to-obtain, and low-cost materials as electrolytes [23]. 

Preliminary studies performed recently at our laboratory on all-solid-state LDLC with PL0-LiC104 SPL (Li 0 = 1 8) at 25°C showed a good charge/discharge behaviour over 1500 cycles between 0.0 and 3.0 V. In addition, various gel electrolytes were investigated for LDLC as well. Poly(ethylene oxide) (PLO)-, polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-, polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA)- and poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVdF)-based gel electrolytes, which have been apphed for secondary lithium batteries (Liu and Osaka, 1997 Schmutz et 1994 Sequeira et al, 1994b), were also studied as electrolyte systems for LDLC with carbon electrodes. 

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