Solid oxide fuel cells methane steam reforming

SCO SCPC SD SEC SMR SNG SOFC SPE SRES SULEV SUV Synthetic crude oil Super-critical pulverised coal System dynamics US Securities and Exchange Commission Steam methane reformer Synthetic natural gas Solid-oxide fuel cell Society of Petroleum Engineers IPCC Special Report on Emissions Scenarios Super-ultra-low-emission vehicle Sport utility vehicle... 

Steam pre-reforming of propane to a methane-rich fuel for internal reforming in solid oxide fuel cells," K. Ahmed and K. 176ger, Ceramic Fuel Cells Ltd., 4th EUROSOFC, Luceme/Switzerland July 2000... 

One-dimensional models of a solid oxide fuel cell (see Chapter 9) and a methane-steam reformer [19, 20] were incorporated into the ProTRAX programming environment for transient studies. Lumped parameter ProTRAX sub-models were used for the remaining system components (heat exchangers, turbomachinery, valves, etc ). A schematic of the model is provided for reference in Figure 8.21. 

ZECA [Zero Emission Coal Alliance] A process for making electricity from coal. The coal is reacted with steam and hydrogen to produce methane, which is reformed to produce pure hydrogen, which is used in a solid oxide fuel cell to produce electricity. Developed from 1999 by Los Alamos National Laboratory and an alliance of industrial research laboratories, now organized as the ZECA Corporation. 

Achenbach E, Riensche E (1994) Methane steam reforming kinetics for solid oxide fuel-cells. J Power Sources 52 283... 

N. Nagakawa, H. Sagara, and K. Kato. Catalytic activity of Ni-YSZ-Ce02 anode for the steam reforming of methane in a direct internal reforming solid oxide fuel cell. J. Power Sources 92, (2001) 88-94. 

Lenz et al. [73] described the development of a 3 kW monolithic steam-supported partial oxidation reactor for jet fuel, which was developed to supply a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). The prototype reactor was composed of a ceramic honeycomb monolith (400 cpsi) operated between 950 C at the reactor inlet and 700°C at the reactor outlet [74]. The radial temperature gradient amoimted to 50 K which was attributed to inhomogeneous mixing at the reactor inlet. The feed composition corresponded to S/C ratio of 1.75 and O/C ratio of 1.0 at 50 000 h GHSV. Under these conditions, about 12 vol.% of each carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide were detected in the reformate, while methane was below the detection limit. Later, Lenz et al. [74] described a combination of three monolithic reactors coated with platinum/rhodium catalyst switched in series for jet fuel autothermal reforming. An optimum S/C ratio of 1.5 and an optimum O/C ratio of 0.83 were determined. Under these conditions 78.5% efficiency at 50 000 h GHSV was achieved. The conversion did not exceed 92.5%. In the product of these... 

Recknagle, K.P., Ryan, E.M., Koeppel, B.J., Mahoney, L.A., and Khaleel, M.A. (2010) Modeling of electrochemistry and steam-methane reforming performance for simulating pressurized solid oxide fuel cell stacks. J. Power Sources, 195, 6637-6644. 

Klein J-M, Herrault M, Roux C, Bultel Y, Georges S (2009) Direct methane solid oxide fuel cell working by gradual intenral steam reforming analysis of operation. J Power Sources 193 331... 

Autothermal or steam reforming of methane was considered in thermodynamic calculations by Cavallaro and Freni for reformers, which were integrated into a molten carbonate fuel cell [43]. Direct or indirect internal reforming is possible within the molten carbonate fuel cell. The reforming may be performed either by the anode itself or by a dedicated catalyst in the anode compartment in analogy with the solid oxide fuel cell, as has been explained above. Direct reforming of alcohol fuels is also possible in molten carbonate fuel cells [44], whereas processing of liquid hydrocarbons requires a pre-reformer. 

Belyaev, V.D., Politova, T.I., Mar ina, O.A. and Sobyanin, V.A. (1995) Internal steam reforming of methane over Ni-based electrode in solid oxide fuel cells. Appl. Catal. A, 133, 47-57. 

Ahmed, K. and Forger, K. Kinetics of internal steam reforming of methane on NiA SZ-based anodes for solid oxide fuel cells. Catal Today 2000, 63, 479-487. 

---