Solid oxide fuel cell contamination

Ray ER. Contaminant Effects in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells. In HubnerWJ, editor. Proceedings of the Third Annual Fuel Cells Contractors Review Meeting, Washington, DC U.S. Department of Energy, 1992 document No. DOE/METC—91/6120 (DE91002085) 108-116. 

N. Maskalick, "Contaminant Effects in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells," in Agenda and Abstracts, Joint Contractors Meeting, Fuel Cells and Coal-Fired Heat Engines Conference, U.S. DOE/METC, August 3-5, 1993. 

Satisfactory conductivity is maintained up to 1800 °C in air but falls off at low oxygen pressures so that the upper temperature limit is reduced to 1400 °C when the pressure is reduced to 0.1 Pa. A further limitation arises from the volatility of Cr2C>3 which may contaminate the furnace charge. The combination of high melting point, high electronic conductivity and resistance to corrosion has led to the adoption of lanthanum chromite for the interconnect in high temperature solid oxide fuel cells (see Section 4.5.3). 

For the solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), a number of environmentally critical items have been identified (Zapp, 1996). The carrier sheet electrolyte may be produced from yttrium-stabilised zirconium oxide with added electrodes made of, e.g., LaSrMn-perovskite and NiO-cermet. Nitrates of these substances are used in manufacturing, and metal contamination of wastewater is a concern. The high temperature of operation makes the assembly very difficult to disassemble for decommissioning, and no process for recovering yttrium from the YSZ electrolyte material is currently known. 

Contaminant Solid Oxide Fuel Cell PEMFC Gas Turbine... 

An important difference exists between solid oxide fuel cells and other kinds of fuel cells in that various kinds of natural fuels or products of a relatively simple processing of such fuels may also be directly utilized. As we know, the original aim of all work on fuel cells has actually been precisely the direct transformation of the chemical energy of natural fuels to electrical energy. In seeking solutions to this problem, researchers have encountered numerous difficulties, which in many cases could not be overcome practically. These difficulties were associated with the very low rates of electrochemical oxidation of these fuels and, also, with the presence of various contaminants hindering and sometimes completely blocking these reactions. 

Marina, O.A., Pederson, L.R., Edwards, D.)., Coyle, C.A., Templeton, ).W., Engelhard, M.H., and Zhu, Z. (2008) Effect of coal gas contaminants on solid oxide fuel cell operation. Solid-State Ionic Devices 5 - 212th Electrochemical Society Meeting, October 7 12, 2007, Washington, DC, Electrochemical Society Inc, United states. 

Bao JE, Krishnan GN, Jayaweera P, Perez-Mariano J, Sanjurjo A (2009) Effect of various coal contaminants on the performance of solid oxide fuel cells part I. Accelerated testing. J Power Sources 193 607-616... 

Kim JY, SprenMe VL, Canfield NL, Meinhardt KD, Chick LA (2006) Effects of chrome contamination on the performance of Lao.6Sro.4Coo.2Eeo.gO3 cathode used in solid oxide fuel cells. J Electrochem Soc 153(5) A880-A886... 

Treatment of Caseous Waste. Gaseous wastes arise from the ventilation of process vessels and the concrete cells that house the plant and equipment used for reprocessing spent nuclear fuel. This gaseous waste is largely air contaminated with small entrained liquid or solid particles containing radioactive components. Some ventilation streams also are contaminated with oxides of nitrogen. 

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