Solid oxide fuel cells cell interconnection

Zhu WZ and Deevi SC. Development of interconnect materials for solid oxide fuel cells. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 2002 A348 227-243. 

Fergus JW. Lanthanum chromite based materials for solid oxide fuel cell interconnects. Solid State Ionics 2004 171 1-15. 

Nishiyama H, Aizawa M, Sakai N, Yokokawa H, Kawada T, and Dokiya M. Property of (La,Ca)Cr03 for interconnect in solid oxide fuel cell (part 2). Durability. J. Ceram. Soc. Japan 2001 109 527-534. 

Zhou X-L, Ma J-J, Deng F-J, Meng G-Y, and Liu X-Q. A high performance interconnecting ceramic for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). Solid State Ionics 2006 177 3461-3466. 

Zhou X, Deng F, Zhu M, Meng G, and Liu X. Novel composite interconnecting ceramics LaojCao jCrOj j/ Cc02Sm08O 9 for solid oxide fuel cells. Mater. Res. Bull. 2007 42 1582-1588. 

Huang W and Gopalan S. Bi-layer structures as solid oxide fuel cell interconnections. J. Power Sources 2006 154 180-183. 

Mori M and Hiei Y. Thermal expansion behavior or titanium-doped La(Sr)Cr03 solid oxide fuel cell interconnects. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 2001 84 2573-2578. 

Meschke F, Singheiser L, and Steinbrech RW. Mechanical properties of doped LaCr03 interconnects after exposure to SOFC-relevant conditions. In McEvoy AJ, editor. European Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Forum Proceedings Vol. 2. Lucerne, Switzerland The European Fuel Cell Forum, 2000 865-873. 

J.L. Bates, "Alternative Materials for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Factors Affecting Air-Sintering of Chromite Interconnections," Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Fuel Cells Contractors Review Meeting, U.S. DOE/METC, July, 1992. 

Fig. 1.6 Illustration of a planar-stack, solid-oxide fuel cell (SOFC), where an membrane-electrode assembly (MEA) is sandwiched between an interconnect structure that forms fuel and air channels. There is homogeneous chemical reaction within the flow channels, as well as heterogeneous cehmistry at the channel walls. There are also electrochemical reactions at the electrode interfaces of the channels. A counter-flow situation is illustrated here, but co-flow and cross-flow configurations are also common. Channel cross section dimensions are typically on the order of a millimeter.

Fig. 8. Cross section of interconnection uirungemem to Term u 24-ccll bundle solid-oxide fuel cell generator. Three cells are connected in parallel and eighi in scries. ( Westinghon.se design approximation)...

Satisfactory conductivity is maintained up to 1800 °C in air but falls off at low oxygen pressures so that the upper temperature limit is reduced to 1400 °C when the pressure is reduced to 0.1 Pa. A further limitation arises from the volatility of Cr2C>3 which may contaminate the furnace charge. The combination of high melting point, high electronic conductivity and resistance to corrosion has led to the adoption of lanthanum chromite for the interconnect in high temperature solid oxide fuel cells (see Section 4.5.3). 

Electronically-conducting (Ln,A)(M,M>)03, 5 (M = Cr, Mn), used for cathodes and interconnects of - solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). 

Larring, Y. and Norby, T., Spinel and perovskite functional layers between Plansee metallic interconnect (Cr-5 wt% Fe-1 wt% Y2O3) in ceramic (Lao 85Sro.i5)o.9iMn03 cathode materials for solid oxide fuel cells, J. Electrochem. Soc., 147, 3251-3256 (2000). 

Kung, S.C. et ah. Performance of Metallic Interconnect in Solid-Oxide Fuel Cells, paper presented at the 2000 Fuel Cell Seminar, Portland, OR, October 30-November 2, 2000. 

Meulenberg, W.A. et al.. Oxidation behaviour of ferrous alloys used as interconnecting material in solid oxide fuel cells, /. Mater. Sci., 38, 507-513 (2003). 

Elangovan, S., Balagopal, S., Timper, M., Bay, I., Larsen, D., and Hartvigsen, J., Evaluation of ferritic stainless steel for use as metal interconnects for solid oxide fuel cells, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 13, 265, 2004. 

Corrosion and Protection of Metallic Interconnects in Solid-Oxide Fuel Cells... 

Clearly, not all these perovskite compositions are useful for oxygen delivery applications. For example, ceramics based on Laj.xAxCrOj (x == Sr, Ba, Ca), Lai, rxCri yMny03.5 and Lai xCaxCri yCOy03 have been proposed for use as interconnection material (separator) in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC), and therefore should be dense and impermeable in order to prevent burning off of the fuel without generating electricity [137,138]. 

Fig. 7. Solid oxide fuel cell configurations. A Siemens-Westinghouse tubular cell B Tubular integrated interconnector concept. Similar interconnected systems exist in planar geometry C Planar SOFC designs, differing only in gas flow manifolding.

Key words Solid Oxide Fuel Cell/Interconnect/Ferritic Steel/High Temperature Conductivity... 

J.P. Abelian, V. Shemet, E. Tietz, L. Singheiser, W.J. Quadakkers and A. Gil, Ferritic Steel Interconnect for Reduced Temperature SOFC, in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells VII, H. Yokokawa and S.C. Singhal, Editors, PV 2001-16, p. 811, The Electrochemical Society Proceedings Series, Pennington, NJ, 2001. 

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) involve structures composed of multiple ceramic layers, or interleaved layers of ceramic membranes and metal interconnects. To eliminate premature mixing of fuel and air gases or leaking of these gases from interior regions of the structure, the interfaces of adjacent layers are sealed with a glass or ceramic seal. These seals must withstand the high-temperature environment of the SOFC over its lifetime. Therefore these materials must be thermally matched with the adjacent layers to minimize transient stress risers and eliminate the potential for consequent seal failure. 

S. P. S. Badwal, R. Deller, K. Foger, Y. Ramprakash, and J. P. Zhang. Interaction between chromia forming alloy interconnects and air electrode of solid oxide fuel cells. Solid State Ionics 99, (1997) 297-310. 

W. Zhu and S. Deevi. Opportunity of metallic interconnects for solid oxide fuel cells a status on contact resistance. Mat. Research Bulletin 38, (2003) 957-972. 

C. W. Tanner and A. V. Virkar. A simple model for interconnect design of planar solid oxide fuel cells. J. Power Sources 113, (2003) 44—56. 

Hilpert, K., Das, D., Miller, M., Peck, D.H., and Weiss, R. (1996) Chromium vapor species over solid oxide fuel cell interconnect materials and their potential for degradation processes. J. Electrochem. Soc., 143 (11), 3642-3647. 

L., and Quadakkers, W.J. (2010) Potential suitability of ferritic and austenitic steels as interconnect materials for solid oxide fuel cells operating at... 

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