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Polynucleotide

The hydration shell is formed with the increasing of the water content of the sample and the NA transforms from the unordered to A- and then to B form, in the case of DNA and DNA-like polynucleotides and salt concentrations similar to in vivo conditions. The reverse process, dehydration of NA, results in the reverse conformational transitions but they take place at the values of relative humidity (r.h.) less than the forward direction [12]. Thus, there is a conformational hysteresis over the hydration-dehydration loop. The adsorption isotherms of the NAs, i.e. the plots of the number of the adsorbed water molecules versus the r.h. of the sample at constant temperature, also demonstrate the hysteresis phenomena [13]. The hysteresis is i( producible and its value does not decrease for at least a week. [Pg.117]

Besides the MDL Molfile formal, other file formats are often used in chemistry SMILES has already been mentioned in Section 2.3.3. Another one, the PDB file format, is primarily used for storing 3D structure information on biological macromolecules such as proteins and polynucleotides (Tutorial, Section 2.9.7) [52, 53). GIF (Crystallographic Information File) [54, 55] is also a 3D structure information file format with more than three incompatible file versions and is used in crystallography. GIF should not be confused with the Chiron Interchange Formal, which is also extended with. cif. In spectroscopy, JCAMP is apphed as a spectroscopic exchange file format [56]. Here, two modifications can be... [Pg.45]

PDB file. pdb Protein Data Bank file format for 3D stmcture information on proteins and polynucleotides nmm.rcsb.org 53... [Pg.46]

With the increase in hardware and software, larger systems can be handled with higher accuracy. Much work will continue to be devoted to the study of proteins and polynucleotides (DNA and RNA), and particularly their interactions with more sophisticated methods. Remember proteins and genes are chemical compounds and sophisticated theoretical and chemoinformatics methods should be applied to their study - in addition to the methods developed by bioinfor-maticians. [Pg.624]

Synthetic oligonucleotides may be used as "primers and be elongated stepwise with the aid of polynucleotide phosphorylase (PNPase) and nucleoside diphosphates. [Pg.225]

Adding nucleotides to the 3 oxygen of an existing structure is called elongation and leads ultimately to a polynucleotide The most important polynucleotides are ribonu cleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) As we shall see m later sections the polynucleotide chains of DNA and some RNAs are quite long and contain hundreds of thousands of bases... [Pg.1164]

In addition to hydrogen bonding between the two polynucleotide chains the double helical arrangement is stabilized by having its negatively charged phosphate groups on the outside where they are m contact with water and various cations Na" Mg and ammonium ions for example Attractive van der Waals forces between the... [Pg.1168]

By analogy to the levels of structure of proteins the primary structure of DNA IS the sequence of bases along the polynucleotide chain and the A DNA B DNA and Z DNA helices are varieties of secondary structures... [Pg.1169]

FIGURE 28 9 The new polynucleotide chain grows by reaction of its free 3 OH group with the 5 triphosphate of an appropriate 2 deoxyribonucleoside... [Pg.1174]

Even if It could be shown that RNA preceded both DNA and proteins in the march toward living things that doesn t automatically make RNA the first self replicating molecule Another possibility is that a self replicating polynucleotide based on some carbo hydrate other than o ribose was a precursor to RNA Over many generations natural selection could have led to the replacement of the other carbohydrate by D ribose giving RNA Recent research on unnatural polynucleotides by Professor Albert Eschenmoser of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (Zurich) has shown for example that nucleic acids based on L threose possess many of the properties of RNA and DNA... [Pg.1177]

The contents of each tube are then subjected to electrophoresis m separate lanes on the same sheet of polyacrylamide gel and the DNAs located by autoradiography A typical electrophoresis gel of a DNA fragment containing 50 nucleotides will exhibit a pattern of 50 bands distributed among the four lanes with no overlaps Each band cor responds to a polynucleotide that is one nucleotide longer than the one that precedes it (which may be m a different lane) One then simply reads the nucleotide sequence according to the lane m which each succeeding band appears... [Pg.1181]

The mam use of PCR is to amplify or make hundreds of thousands—even mil lions—of copies of a portion of the polynucleotide sequence m a sample of DNA Sup pose for example we wish to copy a 500 base pair region of a DNA that contains a total of 1 million base pairs We would begin as described m Section 28 14 by cleaving the DNA into smaller fragments using restriction enzymes then use PCR to make copies of the desired fragment... [Pg.1183]

The double stranded DNA shown m Figure 28 14(a) contains the polynucleotide sequence (the target region) we wish to amplify The DNA is denatured by heating to... [Pg.1183]

Elongation of the primed polynucleotide fragments completes the second cycle and gives four DNAs... [Pg.1185]

Oligonucleotides contain about 50 or fewer nucleotides held together by phosphodiester links polynucleotides can contain thousands of nucleotides... [Pg.1188]

Section 28 7 Nucleic acids are polynucleotides present m cells The carbohydrate component is D nbose m ribonucleic acid (RNA) and 2 deoxy d ribose m deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)... [Pg.1188]

Section 28 11 Three RNAs are involved m gene expression In the transcription phase a strand of messenger RNA (mRNA) is synthesized from a DNA tern plate The four bases A G C and U taken three at a time generate 64 possible combinations called codons These 64 codons comprise the genetic code and code for the 20 ammo acids found m proteins plus start and stop signals The mRNA sequence is translated into a prescribed protein sequence at the ribosomes There small polynucleotides called... [Pg.1188]

Section 28 14 The nucleotide sequence of DNA can be determined by a technique m which a short section of single stranded DNA is allowed to produce its complement m the presence of dideoxy analogs of ATP TTP GTP and CTP DNA formation terminates when a dideoxy analog is incorporated into the growing polynucleotide chain A mixture of polynucleotides dif fermg from one another by an incremental nucleoside is produced and analyzed by electrophoresis From the observed sequence of the comple mentary chain the sequence of the original DNA is deduced... [Pg.1189]

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) (Section 28 7) A polynucleotide of 2 deoxynbose present in the nuclei of cells that serves to store and replicate genetic information Genes are DNA... [Pg.1281]

Messenger RNA (mRNA) (Section 28 11) A polynucleotide of nbosethat reads the sequence of bases in DNA and inter acts with tRNAs in the nbosomes to promote protein biosynthesis... [Pg.1288]

Nucleic acid (Section 28 7) A polynucleotide present m the nu clei of cells... [Pg.1289]

Oligomer (Section 14 15) A molecule composed of too few monomer units for it to be classified as a polymer but more than in a dimer trimer tetramer etc Oligonucleotide (Section 28 6) A polynucleotide containing a relatively small number of bases Oligosaccharide (Section 25 1) A carbohydrate that gives three to ten monosacchandes on hydrolysis Optical activity (Section 7 4) Ability of a substance to rotate the plane of polanzed light To be optically active a sub stance must be chiral and one enantiomer must be present in excess of the other... [Pg.1290]

Reverse transcriptase (Section 28 13) Enzyme that catalyzes the transcription of RNA to DNA Ribozyme (Section 28 11) A polynucleotide that has catalytic activity... [Pg.1292]

Transcription (Section 28 11) Construction of a strand of mRNA complementary to a DNA template Transfer RNA (tRNA) (Section 28 11) A polynucleotide of n hose that is bound at one end to a unique amino acid This ammo acid is incorporated into a growing peptide chain Transition state (Section 3 1) The point of maximum energy in an elementary step of a reaction mechanism Translation (Section 28 12) The reading of mRNA by van ous tRNAs each one of which is unique for a particular ammo acid... [Pg.1295]

The lUBMB Commission on Nomenclature has issued a number of recommendations dealing with areas of a more biochemical nature (72), such as peptide hormones (86), conformation of polypeptide chains (87), abbreviations for nucleic acids and polynucleotides (88), iron—sulfur proteins (89), enzyme units (90), etc. The Commission has also produced rules and recommendations for naming enzymes (91,92). [Pg.120]

The nucleotides are linked together via the phosphate groups, which connect the 5 -hydroxyl group of one nucleotide and the 3 -hydroxyl group of the next to form a polynucleotide chain (Fig. la). DNA is not a rigid or static molecule rather, it can adopt a variety of hehcal motifs. [Pg.249]


See other pages where Polynucleotide is mentioned: [Pg.283]    [Pg.570]    [Pg.225]    [Pg.1164]    [Pg.1164]    [Pg.1166]    [Pg.1171]    [Pg.1172]    [Pg.1177]    [Pg.1179]    [Pg.1180]    [Pg.1181]    [Pg.1181]    [Pg.1182]    [Pg.1184]    [Pg.1293]    [Pg.205]    [Pg.206]    [Pg.206]    [Pg.248]    [Pg.249]    [Pg.251]   
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A Novel Triple Helix Consisting of One Polynucleotide and Two Polysaccharide Chains

AAV single polynucleotide chains

Anti-polynucleotide antibodies

Anti-polynucleotide antibodies, specificity

Antibodies to polynucleotides

Antisynthetic polynucleotides

Application of the NFC Method to Aperiodic Polypeptides and Polynucleotides

Aqueous Solutions of Nucleosides, Nucleotides, Polynucleotides, and DNA

Azotobacter vinelandii polynucleotide phosphorylase

Biological Synthesis of Polynucleotides

Biological polynucleotides

Biological synthesis polynucleotides

Carriers polynucleotides

Chemical Synthesis of Polynucleotides

Chemically Substituted Polynucleotides

Chromatography polynucleotides

Complementary polynucleotide

Complementary polynucleotides

Conformations of polynucleotides

Copper polynucleotides

Deoxyribonucleic acid polynucleotide chains

Determination polynucleotide chain length

Double-helical polynucleotides

Double-stranded synthetic polynucleotide

Double-stranded synthetic polynucleotide complexes

Electrophoresis polynucleotides

Endonuclease-polynucleotide complex

Enzymatic Polynucleotide Syntheses

Enzymes, polynucleotide

Enzymes, polynucleotide antibodies

Helical polynucleotides

Helical structure in polynucleotides

Helix polynucleotide

Homo-polynucleotide

Hybridization polynucleotide kinase

Hydrolysis of Polynucleotides

Interaction of metal ions with polynucleotides

L-Cells with polynucleotide triplexes

Linear AAV single polynucleotide

Linear polynucleotide chains

Linear single polynucleotide chain

Lipids biological polynucleotides

Melting curves Polynucleotides)

Metal with polynucleotides, interaction

Modified Polynucleotides

Natural polynucleotides

Nucleoside phosphorylase polynucleotide synthesis

Nucleosides, Nucleotides, Polynucleotides

Nucleosides, Nucleotides, and Polynucleotides

Nucleotide derivatives Polynucleotide synthesis

Nucleotides polynucleotides

Oligo- and Polynucleotide Synthesis

Oligo- and Polynucleotides

Phosphodiesters, Oligonucleotides, and Polynucleotides

Phosphorylase polynucleotides

Poly compounds with Polynucleotides

Polymer polynucleotide interactions

Polynucleic Acids (Polynucleotides)

Polynucleotide , structure

Polynucleotide 5 -hydroxyl-kinase

Polynucleotide Biohybrids

Polynucleotide Biosynthesis

Polynucleotide Cross-linking Methods

Polynucleotide Formation

Polynucleotide Functions

Polynucleotide Interaction

Polynucleotide Kinase Assays

Polynucleotide Minor Bases

Polynucleotide Nucleic acids, RNA, DNA

Polynucleotide Structure and Functionality

Polynucleotide aminoglycosidase

Polynucleotide analogs

Polynucleotide analogs template

Polynucleotide analogues

Polynucleotide antibody specificity

Polynucleotide backbone

Polynucleotide biohybrid

Polynucleotide biologically formed

Polynucleotide chain

Polynucleotide chain length

Polynucleotide chain, mononucleotides

Polynucleotide code

Polynucleotide complexes

Polynucleotide complexes CD spectrum

Polynucleotide complexes melting

Polynucleotide complexes poly

Polynucleotide complexes synthesis

Polynucleotide complexes x-ray structure

Polynucleotide complexes, synthetic

Polynucleotide complexes, synthetic double-helical

Polynucleotide conformation, metal

Polynucleotide conjugate

Polynucleotide contamination

Polynucleotide duplexes

Polynucleotide helical

Polynucleotide helices, left-handed

Polynucleotide hybridization

Polynucleotide hydrazine, reactions with

Polynucleotide hydroxyl

Polynucleotide hydroxyl terminal

Polynucleotide interactions with ions

Polynucleotide kinase

Polynucleotide kinase exchange reaction

Polynucleotide kinase labelling

Polynucleotide kinase, phosphorylation

Polynucleotide kinetic measurements

Polynucleotide ligase

Polynucleotide light absorption properties

Polynucleotide melting

Polynucleotide nucleic acid)

Polynucleotide phosphorylase

Polynucleotide phosphorylase (PNPase

Polynucleotide phosphorylase polymerization

Polynucleotide phosphorylase substrates

Polynucleotide polymerases

Polynucleotide probes

Polynucleotide rotational movements of bases, figur

Polynucleotide sequences

Polynucleotide single stranded

Polynucleotide specificity

Polynucleotide synthesis

Polynucleotide synthetases

Polynucleotide synthetic

Polynucleotide triple-helical

Polynucleotide vaccines

Polynucleotide, characteristics

Polynucleotide-agarose

Polynucleotide-binding

Polynucleotides

Polynucleotides

Polynucleotides -adenosine complex

Polynucleotides Nucleic acids

Polynucleotides Polypeptides

Polynucleotides adenine-thymine base pairs

Polynucleotides adenine-uracil base pairs

Polynucleotides and Single-Stranded DNA Fragments

Polynucleotides aqueous solutions

Polynucleotides biosynthesis

Polynucleotides chemical synthesis

Polynucleotides complex

Polynucleotides covalent structure

Polynucleotides crystallography

Polynucleotides double helix

Polynucleotides double stranded form

Polynucleotides function

Polynucleotides guanine-cytosine base pairs

Polynucleotides helix-coil transition

Polynucleotides interaction

Polynucleotides interaction with nucleosides

Polynucleotides interaction with nucleotides

Polynucleotides interaction with purines

Polynucleotides magnesium ions

Polynucleotides poly binding

Polynucleotides polymer interactions

Polynucleotides protecting groups

Polynucleotides separation

Polynucleotides stability

Polynucleotides stabilized forms

Polynucleotides strand analogues

Polynucleotides sugar modifications

Polynucleotides synthesis, review

Polynucleotides triple helix

Polynucleotides triplexes

Polynucleotides ultraviolet light

Polynucleotides with Their Components

Polynucleotides, NOESY

Polynucleotides, antibodies

Polynucleotides, conformational analysis

Polynucleotides, conformations

Polynucleotides, definition

Polynucleotides, double-stranded

Polynucleotides, excitation transfer

Polynucleotides, intramolecular

Polynucleotides, metal catalysis

Polynucleotides, polysaccharides, phospholipids and membranes

Polynucleotides, secondary structure

Polynucleotides, single-stranded

Polynucleotides, single-stranded, poly

Polynucleotides, structure

Polynucleotides, synthesis

Polynucleotides, synthetic

Polynucleotides, synthetic, conformation

Polynucleotides, synthetic, double-helical

Polynucleotides, synthetic, double-helical complexes

Polyphosphate Polynucleotides Speculative Structures

Polysaccharide polynucleotide complex

Protecting Groups for the Synthesis of Polynucleotides

Purine polynucleotides

Pyrimidine polynucleotides

Quantitative measurements polynucleotides

Replication polynucleotide

Single polynucleotide chains

Single-strand helical polynucleotides

Single-stranded polynucleotides, relaxation

Spectra polynucleotides

Strand analogues, polynucleotide

Strategy polynucleotide synthesis

Synthesis of Oligo and Polynucleotides

Synthesis of Oligonucleotides and Polynucleotides

Synthesis of Polynucleotides on Polymer Supports

Synthesis of polynucleotides

Synthetases polynucleotide synthetase

Synthetic Single-Stranded Polynucleotides

Synthetic analogs of polynucleotides

Synthetic double-helical polynucleotide

T4 polynucleotide kinase

Temperature dependence polynucleotides

The Covalent Structure of Polynucleotides

The Polynucleotide Chain Contains Mononucleotides Linked by Phosphodiester Bonds

Triple-stranded polynucleotide complexe

Triplet parts of polynucleotide triplexes

Triplexes with polynucleotide

Types of Polynucleotides

What about polynucleotides

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