Polysaccharide polynucleotide complex

Sakurai K, Iguchi R, Mizu M et al (2003) Polysaccharide-polynucleotide complexes. Part 7. Hydrogen-ion and salt concentration dependence of complexation between schizophyllan and single-stranded homo RNAs. Bioorg Chem 31(3) 216-226... 

Sakurai K, Mizu M, Shinkai S (2001) Polysaccharide-polynucleotide complexes. 2. Complementary polynucleotide mimic behavior of a natural polysaccharide schizophyllan in the macromolecular comple with a single strand RNA poly(C). Biomacromolecules 2 641-650... 

Koumoto K, Mizu M, Sakurai K et al (2004) Polysaccharide/polynucleotide complexes. Part 6. Chem Biodivers l(3) 520-529... 

Complexes between chiral polymers having ionizable groups, and achiral small molecules become, under certain conditions, optically active for the absorption regions of the achiral small molecules. Dyes such as acridine orange and methyl orange have been used as achiral species, since they are in rapport with biopolymers through ionic coupling. This phenomenon has been applied to the detection of the helix chirality in poly-a-amino acids, polynucleotides, or polysaccharides when instrumental limitations prevent direct detection of the helices. 

The chemical polycondensation method has as yet been elaborated only for polymers with 1,2-trans-glycosidic linkages between the repeating units, but within these limits it seems to be a rather broad chemical method. It is the first purely chemical method for the synthesis of complex polysaccharides, as was demonstrated before for polypeptides and polynucleotides. ... 

The repair and replication of cells involves metabolism - interconversions of hundreds of low molecular weight metabolites that ultimately yield the precursors for much larger, more complex macromolecules such as phospholipids (based on phosphatidic. acids or long chain fatty acid esters of glycerol phosphate), polynucleotides such as RNA and DNA (polymers of nucleotide monomers), proteins (polypeptides or amino acid monomers linked by peptide bonds) and polysaccharides (polymers of simple sugars or monosaccharides). 

The enormous complexity of spectra of large biomolecules such as proteins, polynucleotides, and polysaccharides has led to the development of three- and four-dimensional experiments. Two independently incremented evolution periods (t and t2), in conjunction with three separate Fourier transformations of them and of the acquisition period, result in a cube of data with three frequency coordinates. 

Polymers The word polymer means a material composed of macromolecules or the macromolecule itself. Most synthetic organic polymers consist of long chains of mostly or all carbon-carbon bonds. To build nanostmetured materials, the polymeric building blocks can be linear, highly branched, or amphiphiUc. Likewise the far more complex assemblies of living organisms depend on polymers polysaccharides, proteins, and polynucleotides. 

The use of NMR for natural polymers is widespread. A large part of the effort has been directed towards proteins and polynucleotides. Two excellent examples are given in two preprints (81,82). Similarly, the polysaccharide area has its share of NMR studies. In this volume. Bush has expounded the origins of the flexibilities of complex polysaccharides (61). Huckerby et al have carried out a careful structural investigation of keratan sulfates using NMR (62), and... 

Recently, we found that when certain single-stranded polynucleotides such as poly(5 -cytidine monophosphate), denoted by poly(C), coexists in the renature process of P-(1 3)-glucans mentioned above, the polynucleotide and s-SPG form a macromolecular complex.Our subsequent studies show that this complexa-tion is a characteristic nature commonly observed for all P-(1 3)-glucans. As far as we know, this is the first study showing that a neutral polysaccharide can combine with polynucleotides. If s-SPG can enter a cancer cell and combine with... 

Complex coacervates may be formed by synthetic polyelectrolytes, but also by biological polyelectrolytes, such as proteins, polysaccharides, and polynucleotides. The complexation allows for combining two or more desirable properties and/or to provide additional stability for otherwise highly labile functional biopolymers, such as proteins (cf. Chapter 13). 

Because of such complex requirements, the number of synthetic bioresorbable polymers for practical use is limited. This must have been the limitation faced by nature too since all life on earth is based on only three polymeric backbones, namely, polynucleotide, poly(a-amino acid), and polysaccharide chains [11]. For the same reasons, synthetic bioresorbable polymers have been restricted only to certain classes of polymers and till now only a few of them have been approved by the FDA for certain specific applications. 

Another y9-(1 3)-D-glucan, named schizophyllan as an antitumor polysaccharide, has been obtained from Schizophylium commune [8,9]. Schizophyllan has similar chemical structure and triple-helix as lentinan [17], as shown in Figure 4. Since Sakurai and Shinkai were the first to find that schizophyllan may form a helical complex with single-stranded homo-polynucleotides [18], many works about preparing a complex of schizophyllan and... 

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