Nucleotides polynucleotides

Rosenberg, M., Wiebers, J.L., and Gilham, P.T. (1972) Interactions of nucleotides, polynucleotides, and nucleic acids with dihydroxyboryl-subsdtuted celluloses. Biochemistry 11, 3623-3628. 

They are biopolymers in which the repeating structural unit or monomeric unit is a nucleotide (polynucleotides). Each nucleotide consists of three components—... 

Electrophoresis on a macro scale has been applied to a variety of difficult analytical separation problems inorganic anions and cations, amino acids, catecholamines, drugs, vitamins, carbohydrates, peptides, proteins, nucleic acids, nucleotides, polynucleotides, and numerous other species. A particular strength of electrophoi esis is its unique ability to separate charged macromolecules of interest to biochemists, biologists, and clinical chemists. For many years, electrophoresis has been the powerhouse method of separating proteins (enzymes, hormones, antibodies) and nucleic acids (DNA, RNA), for which it offers unparalleled resolution. ... 

Electrophoresis on a macro scale has been applied to a variety of difficult analytical separation problems inorganic anions and cations, amino acids, catecholamines. drugs, vitamins, carbohydrates, peptides, proteins, nucleic acids, nucleotides, polynucleotides, and numerous other species. 

M. Rosenberg, J. L. Wiebers and P. T. Gilham, Studies on the interactions of nucleotides, polynucleotides, and nucleic acids with dihydroxy-boryl-substituted celluloses. Biochemistry, 1972,11(19), 3623-3628. 

Many exotic duplexes, with modifications on the base and/or the sugar have been included. No attempt has been made, however, to deal with random copolymers and partially modified polynucleotides. Nor has there been an attempt to cover the numerous studies on nucleoside (nucleotide) - polynucleotide complexes [74tl] and the analogous oligonucleotide work [74t2]. The latter field is in full fling and new data appear every week. 

Adding nucleotides to the 3 oxygen of an existing structure is called elongation and leads ultimately to a polynucleotide The most important polynucleotides are ribonu cleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) As we shall see m later sections the polynucleotide chains of DNA and some RNAs are quite long and contain hundreds of thousands of bases... 

The contents of each tube are then subjected to electrophoresis m separate lanes on the same sheet of polyacrylamide gel and the DNAs located by autoradiography A typical electrophoresis gel of a DNA fragment containing 50 nucleotides will exhibit a pattern of 50 bands distributed among the four lanes with no overlaps Each band cor responds to a polynucleotide that is one nucleotide longer than the one that precedes it (which may be m a different lane) One then simply reads the nucleotide sequence according to the lane m which each succeeding band appears... 

Oligonucleotides contain about 50 or fewer nucleotides held together by phosphodiester links polynucleotides can contain thousands of nucleotides... 

Section 28 14 The nucleotide sequence of DNA can be determined by a technique m which a short section of single stranded DNA is allowed to produce its complement m the presence of dideoxy analogs of ATP TTP GTP and CTP DNA formation terminates when a dideoxy analog is incorporated into the growing polynucleotide chain A mixture of polynucleotides dif fermg from one another by an incremental nucleoside is produced and analyzed by electrophoresis From the observed sequence of the comple mentary chain the sequence of the original DNA is deduced... 

The nucleotides are linked together via the phosphate groups, which connect the 5 -hydroxyl group of one nucleotide and the 3 -hydroxyl group of the next to form a polynucleotide chain (Fig. la). DNA is not a rigid or static molecule rather, it can adopt a variety of hehcal motifs. 

Cellular Protein Biosynthesis. The process of cellular protein biosynthesis is virtually the same in all organisms. The information which defines the amino acid sequence of a protein is encoded by its corresponding sequence of DNA (the gene). The DNA is composed of two strands of polynucleotides, each comprising some arrangement (sequence) of the four nucleotide building blocks of the nucleic acids adenine (A), thymine (T),... 

Nucleic Acids. Nucleic acids are polynucleotides that is, they are condensation polymers of nucleotide monomers. A nucleotide is a three-component system, ie, a combination of a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base residue. Adenosine monophosphate is an example ... 

FIGURE 1.5 The DNA double helix. Two complementary polynucleotide chains running in opposite directions can pair through hydrogen bonding between their nitrogenous bases. Their complementary nucleotide sequences give rise to structural complementarity. 

FIGURE 11.17 3 -5 phosphodiester bridges link nucleotides together to form polynucleotide chains. 

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