Nucleosides, Nucleotides, Polynucleotides

We must now consider which functional groups are involved in the assembly of these compounds. In the case of the formation of a nucleoside, the nitrogen atom number 3 of a pyrimidine base or the nitrogen atom number 9 of a purine base becomes linked to the carbon atom number 1 of the pentose sugar, with the elimination of water. According to the conventions of sugar chemistry the carbon atom number 1 

The required nucleotide is formed by esterification of the hydroxyl group attached to carbon atom number 5 of the pentose with phosphate. Thus, the nucleotide is the phosphoric acid ester of the corresponding nucleoside. Now we are left with the linkages between the individual nucleotides. These are formed by the hydroxyl group on carbon atom number 3 of the pentose of one nucleotide reacting with the phosphate group of the next nucleotide, with elimination of water. 

Polynucleotides are long strands with a pronounced polarity. This polarity is due to the repeated sequence, pentose-3 -phosphate-5 -pen-tose-3 or vice versa, depending on which end one starts from. At the beginning of such a chain, there is a nucleotide with a phosphate residue attached to carbon atom number 5 and at the end, a nucleotide with a free hydroxyl group at carbon atom number 3. 

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Many exotic duplexes, with modifications on the base and/or the sugar have been included. No attempt has been made, however, to deal with random copolymers and partially modified polynucleotides. Nor has there been an attempt to cover the numerous studies on nucleoside (nucleotide) - polynucleotide complexes [74tl] and the analogous oligonucleotide work [74t2]. The latter field is in full fling and new data appear every week. 

Synthesis of nucleotides and nucleosides, nucleotide coenzymes, polynucleotides, and histidine... 

Gurzadyan GG, Gorner H (1994) Damage to uracil- and adenine-containing bases, nucleosides, nucleotides and polynucleotides quantum yields on irradiation at 193 and 254 nm. Photochem... 

MISCELLANEOUS COMPOUNDS (including biologically useful reagents, low-molecular-weight bioactive substances, antibiotics, coenzymes, vitamins, lipids, phospholipids, nucleosides, nucleotides and polynucleotides)... 

Infrared spectra of heavy-water solutions have been used to determine the tautomeric forms of nucleosides, nucleotides, and polynucleotides and to study the... 

In order to make quantitative measurements. Miles (1958f)) has determined integrated infrared absorption intensities for some nucleosides, nucleotides, and polynucleotides in DjO solution (Fig. 12.8 and Table 12.2) by application of Ramsay s method I (Ramsay, 1952). When there is a well-resolved band, the application of Ramsay s method encounters no difficulty, but when overlapping bands occur, as in uridine and its derivatives, some uncertainty exists in determining the halfband width of a particular band. (The half-band width is a factor in Ramsay s equation and is defined as, Av, 2 = the width of the band in cm" at half-maximum intensity.) The equation as used by Miles to obtain A, the true integrated absorption intensity... 

Interaction of Polynucleotides with Nucleosides, Nucleotides, and Purines... 

Symbols for nucleotide bases, nucleosides, and polynucleotides arc in conformity with the lUPAC-IUB conventions [7011],... 

HPLC resins containing nucleic acid base derivatives were prepared. These resins give excellent complimentary separation of nucleic acid base derivatives, nucleosides, nucleotides, and oligonucleotides. These resins may be useful for the separation of components of nucleic acids and polynucleotides as a specific separation system, while ion-exchange and reverse-phase systems are non-specific separation systems. 

Section 28 14 The nucleotide sequence of DNA can be determined by a technique m which a short section of single stranded DNA is allowed to produce its complement m the presence of dideoxy analogs of ATP TTP GTP and CTP DNA formation terminates when a dideoxy analog is incorporated into the growing polynucleotide chain A mixture of polynucleotides dif fermg from one another by an incremental nucleoside is produced and analyzed by electrophoresis From the observed sequence of the comple mentary chain the sequence of the original DNA is deduced... 

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