Polynucleotides definition

A short nucleic acid is referred to as an oligonucleotide. The definition of short is somewhat arbitrary, but polymers containing 50 or fewer nucleotides are generally called oligonucleotides. A longer nucleic acid is called a polynucleotide. 

Where do receptors with useful properties for sensor construction come from The answer depends on your definition of the word useful. If useful requires only selectivity, then nature provides both a wealth of biotic receptors (enzymes and other proteins) and powerful tools for discovering unnamral macromolecular receptors. For the purposes of this chapter, a sensor that utilizes a polypeptide, polysaccharide, or polynucleotide as the recognition element is referred to as a biosensor. By contrast, any sensor utilizing a different (usually synthetic) recognition element is referred to as a chemosensor. For the purposes of this article, these terms will apply to any device, molecule-sized or larger, that utilizes such compounds for its molecular recognition function. 

This method also suffers from mass limit restrictions, which for FAB is — 6000 amu with the definite probability of expanding these limits to the 12,500 amu range. Instrumentation capable of such high mass analysis has not been used to date for the sequence analysis of polynucleotides. 

CAS 9007-49-2 EINECS/ELINCS 310-127-6 Synonyms Deoxyribonucleic acid Definition Polynucleotide found in the chromosomes of cell nuclei naturally occurring substance... 

Definition Polynucleotide involved in protein synthesis found in nucleus and cytoplasm of cells Uses Biological additive, skin conditioner in cosmetics... 

These latter studies were done in low salt at very low concentrations of poly I poly C (ca 5.0 x 10 M) and poly-L-lysine (ca 2.25 x 10 M). The complex was formed at room temperature. The poly-L-lysine used in these complexes was of a high molecular weight (60-90,000). These investigators reported the binding reaction of poly-L-lysine to polynucleotide to be quantitative, irreversible and with a definite stoichiometric ratio. The poly-L-lysine to poly I poly C ratio at these concentrations was 0.5 NH PO. The thermal de-naturation profile of this complex was found to be a one-step transition with a T at about 89°C in a solvent which contained 0.05 M-NaCl + 0.001 M-9a Citrate ( " 0.3X SSC). Complexes formed between poly I-poly C and poly-L-lysine with less poly-L-lysine than the 1P 0 5 NH ratio gave two-step thermal denaturation profiles with T s at 5rC and 89 C. The lower temperature (T ) indicated that tSere was still free poly I poly C. 

In 2010, a technical report of lUPAC upgrades the definition of electrochemical biosensors introducing the concept of nucleic acid (NA)-based biosensor [3]. In this context, an electrochemical NA-based biosensor is a device that integrates an NA (natural and biomimetic forms of oUgo- and polynucleotides) as the biological... 

Association (noncovalent) between two or more polynucleotide chains or their constituents is indicated by the center dot (e.g., poly A 2 poly U) absence of definite information on association is indicated by the comma (e.g., C(pA)5, G(pU)3) absence of... 

As we know from experiment, any chemical reaction will result in byproducts and side-reacti(Mis that will limit the overall yield to <100%. Quantitative yields are quite rare for synthetic chemistry that is, until the introduction of click chemistry by Sharpless and coworkers in 2001. " By definition, click chemistry involves reactions that occur by high/quantitative yield, generate few/no byproducts, and are stereospecific - setting an important precedent toward mimicking nature s synthetic efficiency. In particular, nature efficiently links small molecules together via het-eroatomic C—X—C bonding to yield primary metabolites (polypeptides, polynucleotides, and polysaccharides - Figure 5.36), which are essential for life. 

Though the melting enthalpy of AT (AU) pairs is actually a theoretical parameter, we present the enthalpy values for DNA and synthetic polynucleotides of varying GC content since the accuracy is not sufficient to determine the value itself. When calorimetric data are used, the correct definition of the ionic strength is a problem because the concentration of DNA phosphates is by no means negligible. Whenever possible, we present in these cases the ionic activity, as proposed in [74G1]. In the case of spectrophotometric data such a correction is not needed. 

Messenger RNA, formed by structural genes (segments of DNA) is the active template for synthesis of protein molecules (polypeptide chains). This RNA is complementary in the sequence of its nucleotides to particular genetic segments of one of the polynucleotides of DNA, and because of this it receives (transcribes) its information. This information is later translated in a special biochemical system of decoding into the form of a definite amino acid sequence. 

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