Synthetic polynucleotides

ACS Symposium Series American Chemical Society Washington, DC, 1980. 

Carcinogenic or mutagenic metal salts have varying effects on the initiation of new RNA chains. Salts of Co (2+), Cd (2+), 

Microbial studies have demonstrated a link between carcinogenesis and mutagenesis and will be reviewed briefly with reference to the individual metals tested. 

In addition to hexavalent chromium ions, other metal ions have induced mutations in bacteria. These metals include As (3+), Cd (2+), Hg (2+), Mo (6+), Se (4+), Te (4+), Te (6+), and 

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Synthetic oligonucleotides may be used as "primers and be elongated stepwise with the aid of polynucleotide phosphorylase (PNPase) and nucleoside diphosphates. 

Synthetic polynucleotides and analogs as models for DNA studies 97G231. 

Drugs (e.g., polynucleotides [e.g., polyriboinosinic polyribocytidylic acid], antitumor agents [e.g., bleomycin], plant alkaloids [e.g., colchicine], synthetic immunoadjuvants [e.g., muramyl peptides]... 

Pitha, J.Physiological Activities of Synthetic Analogs of Polynucleotides. Vol. 50, pp. 1-16. 

C. Oligo- and Poly-nucleotides.—The stepwise enzymatic synthesis of internucleotide bonds has been reviewed. A number of polynucleotides containing modified bases have been synthesised " in the past year from nucleoside triphosphates with the aid of a polymerase enzyme, and the enzymatic synthesis of oligodeoxyribonucleotides using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase has been studied. Primer-independent polynucleotide phosphorylase from Micrococcus luteus has been attached to cellulose after the latter has been activated with cyanogen bromide. The preparation of insolubilized enzyme has enabled large quantities of synthetic polynucleotides to be made. The soluble enzyme has been used to prepare various modified polycytidylic acids. ... 

Certain types of molecules, especially polypeptides and polynucleotides, lend themselves to synthesis on solid supports. In such syntheses, the starting material is attached to a small particle (bead) or a surface and the molecule remains attached during the course of the synthetic sequence. Solid phase synthesis also plays a key role in creation of combinatorial libraries, that is, collections of many molecules synthesized by a sequence of reactions in which the subunits are systematically varied to create a range of structures (molecular diversity). 

Zieske, L. R., Novel approaches in synthetic polynucleotide purification, Biochromatography, 3, 112, 1988. 

Polymeric drugs are macromolecules that elicit biological activity (7). Many synthetic polymers are biologically inert. However, some exhibit toxicity, while others exhibit a wide range of therapeutic activities. There are three kinds of polymer drugs polycations, polyanions, and polynucleotides. 

Polynucleotides. Polynucleotides are potent interferon inducers. A mismatched, double-stranded synthetic polyribonucleotide ampligen and the double-stranded acids, polyadenylic-polyuridylic acid and polyinosinic-polycytidylic acids have been widely studied for cancer therapy(ii). Although these materials elicit excellent activity with murine rodents, therapeutic effects are dramatically decreased within primates. 

Primer Short synthetic polynucleotide chain (generally about 18-25 bases) to which new deoxyribonucleotides can be added by DNA polymerase. 

McGhee JD, von Hippel PH. Formaldehyde as a probe of DNA structure. 3. Equilibrium denaturation of DNA and synthetic polynucleotides. Biochemistry 1977 16 3267-3275. 

Base Specificity of Physical Binding. To determine whether the physical binding of hydrocarbon metabolites to DNA exhibits base specificity, the binding of trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahy-dro-BP was examined using fluorescence and absorption techniques (9). A comparison was also made of the varying degrees to which different synthetic polynucleotides are able to solubilize BPT... 

By hydrolysis under very mild alkaline conditions (with a boiling suspension of barium carbonate), ribonucleic acids have been shown to yield small quantities of cyclic phosphates as well as the normal nucleotides.96 These materials were identical electrophoretically with synthetic cyclic phosphates and were readily hydrolyzed to mixtures of 2- and 3-phosphates. Their formation in this way constitutes strong support for Brown and Todd s theory. The precise way in which the alkaline hydrolysis of the polynucleotide occurs has been studied using isotopically labeled water, and the results are in agreement202 with the scheme outlined above. 

The most convincing evidence in favor of a uniform 3,5-diester linkage between nucleotides has been obtained by the action of various enzymes on synthetic diesters of known constitution.218 217 Ribonuclease and spleen extracts were found to act only on nucleoside 3-(benzyl hydrogen phosphates), but not on other isomers, to give nucleoside cyclic phosphates which are broken down further to give nucleoside 3-phosphates. It is concluded, by analogy, that polynucleotides, which are substrates for these enzymes, also possess ester groupings at the 3-positions, rather than at the... 

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