Neoplasm

M. p. 168-169 C. This reagent has superseded benzidine for blood detection, showing same sensitivity and specificity but it is non-carcinogenic in doses at which benzidine produces a high incidence of neoplasms. 

Liver and Gallbladder. High dosages of oral estrogens have been reported to increase the risk for jaundice, cholestatic hepatitis, gallstones, and hepatic vein blood clots. Estrogens promote the development of hepatic neoplasms associated with increased hepatic cell regenerative activity (186,187). 

In the veterinary as in the human patient, neoplasms are often metastatic and widely disseminated throughout the body. Surgery and irradiation are limited in use to weU-defined neoplastic areas and, therefore, chemotherapy is becoming more prevalent in the management of the veterinary cancer victim (see Chemotherapeutics, anticancer). Because of the expense and time involved, such management must be restricted to individual animals for which a favorable risk—benefit evaluation can be made and treatment seems appropriate to the practitioner and the owner. In general, treatment must be viewed not as curative, but as palliative. 

Uses The nitrogen mustards are used clinically in the treatment of certain neoplasms (14). They have been used in treatment of Hodgkin s disease, lymphosarcoma, and leukemia (see Chemotherapeutics, anticancer). 

Mucopolysaccharide levels are increased in many cancer cells this increase is accompanied by a decreased vascular supply. Hyaluronidase [9001-54-17, obtained from bovine testis, dissolves the mucopolysaccharides surrounding a tumor, thereby allowing cytotoxic agents to penetrate the neoplasm with enhanced faciUty. In clinical studies hyaluronidase was given to patients with malignant tumors, alone or in combination with 5- uorouracil [51-21-8], significant decreases in tumormass were observed (55). 

CARCINOGEN An agent (whetlier ehemieal, physieal or biologieal) eapable of inereasing the ineidenee of malignant neoplasms. Defined in Regulation 2 of the Control of Substanees Hazardous to Health Regulations 1999 as ... 

Substance or process Site affected and type of neoplasm... 

Latency refers to the period of time that elapses between the first contact of a harmful agent and a host, and the development of identifiable symptoms or disease. Latency may be as short as a few hours, the time required for photochemical smog to induce watery eyes. Or it may stretch to 20 - 30 years for a chronic condition such as asbestosis or malignant neoplasm of the lung. The association between a gi en e.xposure and a disease is all that more difficult because of the passage of time. 

Neu-berechnung, /. recalculation, -bildung, /. new formation reconstruction (Med.) neoplasm, -blau, n. new blue, -braun, n. new brown, -coccin, n. (Dyes) new coccin, neococcin. -eichung, /. reatandardization, recalibration. 

Kaposi sarcoma (KS) - an angiogenic-inflammatory neoplasm - is the most prevalent cancer in HIV-infected patients and its appearance is preceded by infection with human Heipesvitus-8 (HHV-8). Although chemotherapy has become the treatment of choice approved by the FDA, there are also good response rates in patients treated with IFN-a. Fortunately, today highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has dramatically decreased the incidence of KS in AIDS patients. 

Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone is defined by water retention, dilutional hyponatraemia and decreased volume of highly concentrated urine. There are several causes which can result in SIADH, neoplasms ectopic secreting AVP, ectopic release of AVP by various diseases or drugs, exogenous administration of AVP, desmopressin, lysipressin or large doses of OT (iatrogenic SLADH). 

In addition, several other organs, like the heart, ovaty, amnion, chorion, decidua, testis, epididymis and prostate, have been reported to synthesize OT, suggesting a paracrine role for this hormone in these tissues. Ectopic AVP production by lung cancer cells or other neoplasms has been described in humans, leading to the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion. 

Generally, most antineoplastic drugs affect cells that rapidly proliferate (divide and reproduce). Malignant neoplasms or cancerous tumors usually consist of rap-... 

Howell, S. B., and Zimm, S. (1988). Intraperitoneal chemotherapy Application to upper gastrointestinal neoplasms, Acta Chir. Scand. Suppl., 541, 16-21. 

CARCINOGEN An agent (whether chemical, physical or biological) capable of increasing the incidence of malignant neoplasms. 

In patients with ataxia-telangiectasia, an autosomal recessive disease in humans resulting in the development of cerebellar ataxia and lymphoreticular neoplasms, there appears to exist an increased sensitivity to damage by x-ray. Patients with Fanconi s anemia, an autosomal recessive anemia characterized also by an increased frequency of cancer and by chromosomal instability, probably have defective repair of cross-linking damage. 

Bonner, C. D. Hamburger, F. and Fishman, W. H. Some factors other than neoplasms altering the prostatic fraction of acid phosphatase in the serum. Surg. Gyn. 

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