Urinary Neoplasms

Chronic oral exposure of rats and mice to MDA and its dihydrochloride is carcinogenic. Treatment-related increases in the incidences of thyroid follicular cell adenomas and hepatocellular neoplasms were observed in mice after chronic ingestion of MDA in drinking water. In rats, increases in the incidences of thyroid follicular cell carcinoma and hepatic nodules were observed in males and thyroid follicular cell ademonas occurred in females. Although not statistically significant, certain uncommon tumors such as bile duct adenomas, papillomas of the urinary bladder, and granulosa cell tumors of the ovary also were reported. These tumors are of low incidence in historical controls. In another report, MDA acted as a promoter of thyroid tumors in rats. °... 

Fig. 3.2 Cumulative incidence of neoplasms of the liver and urinary bladder in female BALB/c mice exposed to 2 aoetylamino fluorene at various concentrations in the diet for up to 33 months (from Littlefield etaL, 1979).

Benzoquinone dioxime was tested for carcinogenicity in mice and rats by oral administration in the diet. No significant increase in the number of neoplasms was observed in male rats, but in females in the highest-dose group there was an increase in the number of transitional cell papillomas and carcinomas of the urinary bladder. In mice, no carcinogenic effect was observed (lARC, 1982). 

In a phase I clinical trial patients with recently resected urinary bladder cancer, uterine cervical intraepithelial neoplasm (CIN), oral leucoplakia, and intestinal metaplasia of the stomach were enrolled and treated with 0.5-12 g/... 

Promoters appear to have a relatively high tissue specificity. Thus, phenobarbital functions as a promoter for rodent liver neoplasia but not urinary bladder neoplasia. Saccharin, on the other hand, promotes urinary bladder neoplasia but not liver neoplasia in the rat. Similarly, 12-o-tetradecano-ylphorbol-13-acetate (phorbol ester) is a potent skin and forestomach neoplasm promoter in the laboratory rodent but has no appreciable activity in the liver. Other agents, such as the antioxidants 3-t-butyl-4-methoxyphenol and 2,6-di-t-butyl-4-met-hoxyphenol, may act as promoters in one organ and antipromoters in another and have no effect in a third organ. Thus, the practical definition of a promoter must include the designation of the susceptible tissue. 

In four studies of up to 30 months duration, sodium saccharin was carcinogenic in Dawley male rats as evidenced by a dose-related increased incidence of benign or malignant urinary bladder neoplasms at dietary concentrations greater than 1%. Slight increases (not statistically significant) in urinary... 

Secondary paraproteinemias may be seen in association with hematopoietic cancers (e.g., lymphomas and leukemias), other neoplasms (e.g., colon carcinoma), long-standing chronic urinary or biliary tract infection, rheumatoid factor related to IgM monoclonal protein, and amyloidosis. 

The mainstay of drug therapy for recurrent uric acid lithiasis is allopurinol. It is effective in reducing both serum and urinary uric acid levels, thus preventing the formation of calculi. Allopurinol is also recommended as prophylactic treatment in patients who wfll receive cytotoxic agents for the treatment of lymphoma or leukemia. The marked increase in uric acid production associated with cytolysis of a neoplasm predisposes a patient to the development of uric acid nephrolithiasis. 

Chronic toxicity of Telone II following gavage dosing (3 times/week) for two years in Fischer 344 rats and/or B6C3Fi mice included neoplasms (forestomach, liver, lung, urinary bladder), epithelial hyperplasia (forestomach, urinary bladder) and hydronephrosis (43,46,47). 

Primary adenocarcinomas of the lung are typically CK7-F, CK20-, and CEA-f, whereas colorectal carcinomas are CK7-, CK20-F, and CEA-i- ductal and lobular breast carcinomas are CK7-f, CK20-, and often CEA-I- and ovarian carcinomas are CK7-I-, CK20 , and CEA-.121,125-129,224-227 Neoplasms that typically are strongly positive for most CEA antibodies include adenocarcinomas of the lung, colon, stomach, biliary tree, pancreas, urinary bladder, endocervix, paranasal... 

Immunohistology of the Prostate 593 Immunohistology of the Urinary Bladder 619 Immunohistology of Renal Neoplasms 631 Immunohistology of Testicular Tumors 642... 

TABLE 16.8 Immunohistochemistry of Spindle Cell Neoplasms of the Urinary Bladder ... 

McKenney JK, Amin MB. The role of immunohistochemistry in the diagnosis of urinary bladder neoplasms. Semin Diagn Pathol. 2005 22 69. 

Soslow RA, Rouse RV, Hendrickson MR, et al. Transitional cell neoplasms of the ovary and urinary bladder A comparative immunohistochemical analysis. Int J Gynecol Pathol. 1996 15 257-265. 

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