Retention of water

Water. Water is often added to processed meat products for a variety of reasons. It is an important carrier of various ionic components that are added to processed meat products. The retention of water during further processing of meat is necessary to obtain a product that is juicy and has higher yields. The amount of water added during the preparation of processed meat products depends on the final properties desired. Water may be added to a meat product as a salt brine or as ice during the comminution step of sausage preparation. 

The high reactivity of the active form of Ag2C03 is attributed to the retention of water, incorporated during preparation, in the form of the ions HCOj and OH", with corresponding cation vacancies (VAg+), viz. 

Fiscal softeners promote water retention in the fecal mass and soften the stool. One difference between emollient laxatives and fecal softeners is that the emollient laxatives do not promote the retention of water in the stool. Examples of fecal softeners include docusate sodium (Cblace)and docusate caldum (Surfak). 

Aldosterone acts on the distal tubule of the nephron to increase sodium reabsorption. The mechanism of action involves an increase in the number of sodium-permeable channels on the luminal surface of the distal tubule and an increase in the activity of the Na+-K+ ATPase pump on the basilar surface of the tubule. Sodium diffuses down its concentration gradient out of the lumen and into the tubular cells. The pump then actively removes the sodium from cells of the distal tubule and into the extracellular fluid so that it may diffuse into the surrounding capillaries and return to the circulation. Due to its osmotic effects, the retention of sodium is accompanied by the retention of water. In other words, wherever sodium goes, water follows. As a result, aldosterone is very important in regulation of blood volume and blood pressure. The retention of sodium and water expands the blood volume and, consequently, increases mean arterial pressure. 

Sodium is the major extracellular cation. Because of its osmotic effects, changes in sodium content in the body have an important influence on extracellular fluid volume, including plasma volume. For example, excess sodium leads to the retention of water and an increase in plasma volume. Increased plasma volume then causes an increase in blood pressure. Conversely, sodium deficit leads to water loss and decreased plasma volume. A decrease in plasma volume then causes a decrease in blood pressure. Therefore, homeostatic mechanisms involved in the regulation of plasma volume and blood pressure involve regulation of sodium content, or sodium balance, in the body. 

The retention of water in the form of hydroxyl groups by the alumina support is an important factor in slowing down the reduction rate and preventing complete reduction. 

Orally administered glucocorticoids have substantial adverse effects, including immunosuppression, suppression of the synthesis of endogenous glucocorticoids themselves (that can be a problem when glucocorticoid therapy is stopped), resorption of bone, and retention of water. Nonetheless, they are important drugs for control of inflammation. They also augment resistance to stress. 

Aldosterone influences electrolyte balance in the body. Specifically, aldosterone increases the excretion of potassium by the kidney but decreases the excretion of sodium by this organ. One result is the net retention of water. The action of mineralocorticoids tends to increase blood pressure. Basically, the more sodium you retain, the more water you retain. Retaining water tends to increase the fluid level in the vascular system and that increases blood pressure. Think about the pressure changes that happen when you continue to fill a flexible container such as a balloon with water the more water, the greater the pressure in the balloon. You might well imagine that an... 

The biochemical and physiological effects of cortisol are snmmarised in Figure 12.10. Higher than normal concentrations of cortisol improve mood and reduce the activity of the immune system. Hence, they are routinely used to reduce chronic inflammation. There are, however, side-effects of these high levels increased levels of blood glucose, obesity and retention of water giving rise to moon face . 

Too rapid or excessive administration may result in hypernatremia and alkalosis accompanied by hyperirritability or tetany. Hypernatremia may be associated with edema and exacerbation of CHF due to the retention of water, resulting in an expanded extracellular fluid volume. 

Gui Zhi is used as deputy. As it can stimulate the Yang and accelerate the water turning into Qi, it can reduce the retention of water. 

Non-reserve polysaccharides seem to function in biological tissues through the part they play in cohesion, the retention of water and salts, the physical organization, and the elasticity and general texture. Polysaccharide conformation and association, as well as chemical structure, are obviously involved in the control of such properties. The polysaccharide-polysaccharide interactions considered in this Section can be regarded (in the nomenclature of protein biochemistry) as showing secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure.4W>2W8 The... 

Angiotensin II has a variety of effects. By constricting blood vessels it raises blood pressure, and by stimulating thirst centers in the brain it increases blood volume. Both angiotensins II and III also act on the adrenal gland to promote the synthesis and release of aldosterone. Most of the effects of angiotension II are mediated by 359-residue seven-helix G-protein linked receptors which activate phospholipase C.p q qr Like other steroid hormones aldosterone acts,via mineralocorticoid receptors, to control transcription of a certain set of proteins. The end effect is to increase the transport of Na+ across the renal tubules and back into the blood. Thus, aldosterone acts to decrease the loss of Na+ from the body. It promotes retention of water and raises... 

Retention of water, see Water retention Retention time, of sugars, common, HPLC, 668 (table)... 

This procedure was repeated, first evacuating at 350°C, and finally, at U00°C. The results are expressed in Table I as residual masses of (presumed) water present after activation at 300 and 350°C presuming none to he present after activation at 1 00°C. They show that 1) retention of water by these zeolites at high temperature increases in the sequence CaA NaYwell defined reference masses in every case except that of NaX, where the indefiniteness is of the order of experimental uncertainties. 

Singh, T. K., Fox, P. F., and Healy, A. (1995). Water soluble peptides in Cheddar cheese Isolation and identification of peptides in the UF retentate of water-soluble fractions.. Dairy Res. 62, 629-640. 

Notes The most commonly used porous polymer sorbent is Tenax-GC, although the Porapakand Chromosorb Century series have also been used Tenax-GC has been used with thermal desorption methods, but can release toluene, benzene, and trichloroethylene residues at higher temperatures in addition to Tenax-GC, XAD 2-8, Porapak-N, and Chromosorbs 101, 102, 103, and 106 have found applications, sometimes in stacked sampling devices (for example, a sorbent column of Tenax-GC — Chromosorb 106 in tandem) Chromosorb 106, a very low polarity polymer, has the lowest retention of water with respect to organic materials and is well suited for use as a backup sorbent... 

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