Neoplasm secondary

Cutaneous neoplasms secondary to burns and scars Cutaneous neoplasms secondary to repeated mechanical trauma... 

For patients with myelodysplastic syndrome or AML as a secondary neoplasm, there are a number of key features characteristic of the leukemia. Alkylator-related secondary leukemias after Hodgkin s disease usually have a myelodysplastic prodrome and a monosomy 5 or monosomy 7. Secondary ANLL with the use of epipodophyllotoxin (etoposide) demonstrates mainly M4 or M5 morphology and exhibits translocations within the MLL gene with 1 lq23 chromosomal alterations.8... 

Unlike children, adults may have other factors that predispose them to secondary malignancies. Lifestyle choices such as tobacco use, alcohol use, and diet have been implicated in influencing the development of secondary neoplasms in the adult population. 

Now that 80% or more of children survive their primary cancers, the incidence of secondary neoplasms may increase. Recognizing this potential, many treatment regimens for children are being modified appropriately to reduce exposure to alkylators, topoisomerase inhibitors, and radiation. Late effects clinics screen for secondary malignancies and other disease and treatment-related disabilities that accompany childhood cancer. Similar screening and educational opportunities are not currently established in adult survivors. 

Long-term survivors of HCT should be monitored closely, particularly for infections and secondary malignant neoplasms. 

It is well recognised that the faecal bile acid content of random stool samples is highly variable with marked daily variation.Therefore, studies testing the association between luminal bile acid exposure and the presence of colorectal neoplasia have usually measured serum bile acid levels, which demonstrate less variability and are believed to reflect the total bile acid pool more accurately. Serum DCA levels have been shown to be higher in individuals with a colorectal adenoma compared with individuals without a neoplasm. Only one study has assessed future risk of CRC in a prospective study of serum bile-acid levels. The study was hampered by the small sample size (46 CRC cases). There were no significant differences in the absolute concentrations of primary and secondary bile acids or DCA/CA ratio between cases and controls although there was a trend towards increased CRC risk for those with a DCA/ CA ratio in the top third of values (relative risk 3.9 [95% confidence interval 0.9-17.0 = 0.1]). It will be important to test the possible utility of the DCA/ CA ratio as a CRC risk biomarker in larger, adequately powered studies. A recent study has demonstrated increased levels of allo-DCA and allo-LCA metabolites in the stool of CRC patients compared with healthy controls. ... 

In contrast, successful TPMT genotyping of 72 patients out of a total of 115 patients with subsequent secondary malignant neoplasms after treatment for childhood ALL on seven consecutive BFM protocols (ALL-BFM 79, 81, 83, 86, 90, 95, and 2000) did not reveal a higher frequency of TPMT alleles associated with lower TPMT activity among these patients (208). Also, in stratified analyses by entities of secondary malignant neoplasms, no significant associations with TPMT alleles conferring lower enzyme activity have been observed. 

The epilepsies are estimated to affect 20-40 million individuals worldwide and are more common in children than in adults. They are classified into two broad groups primary or idiopathic epilepsy is the term applied to those types for which no specific cause can be identified, and secondary or symptomatic epilepsy arises when the symptoms are associated with trauma, neoplasm, infection, cerebrovascular disease or some other physically induced lesion of the brain. Seizures that accompany severe metabolic disturbances are not classified as epilepsy. 

Celiac disease is the result of the development of inflammatory-allergic condition due to gluten intolerance. The disease occurs both in adults and in children in a number of countries all over the world. Its occurrence is fairly frequent, it is estimated that approximately 1% of the population suffers from it. Patients manifest not only gastrointestinal symptoms, but also symptoms which are the consequence of malabsorption syndrome, such as osteoporosis, hypochromic anemia, hypoproteinaemia, hypocalcemia, short stature in children, vitamin deficiency, secondary polysensibilization, and emotional disturbances. Moreover, it has been observed that the occurrence of autoimmunological diseases and neoplasms in patients who are not treated with gluten-free diet doubles (Swinson et al., 1983 Ventura et al., 1999). 

Patients with preexisting tumors or growth hormone deficiency secondary to an intracranial lesion should be examined routinely for progression or recurrence of the underlying disease process. In pediatric patients, clinical literature has revealed no relationship between somatropin replacement therapy and central nervous system (CNS) turmor recurrence or new extrracranial tumors. However, in childhood cancer survivors, an increased risk of a second neoplasm has been reported in patients treated with somatropin after their first neoplasm. Intracranial tumors, in particular meningiomas, in patients treated with radiation to the head for their first neoplasm, were the most common of these second neoplasms. In adults, it is unknown whether there is any relationship between somatropin replacement therapy and CNS tumor recurrence... 

Schuetz EG, Euruya KN, Schuetz JD. In ter individual variation in expression of P-glycoprotein in normal human liver and secondary hepatic neoplasms. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1995 275 1011-8. 

Courtenay-Luck NS, Epenetos AA, Moore R, Larche M, Pectasides D, Dhokia B, Ritter MA. Development of primary and secondary immune responses to mouse monoclonal antibodies used in the diagnosis and therapy of malignant neoplasms. Cancer Res 1986 46(12 Pt l) 6489-93. 

Secondary paraproteinemias may be seen in association with hematopoietic cancers (e.g., lymphomas and leukemias), other neoplasms (e.g., colon carcinoma), long-standing chronic urinary or biliary tract infection, rheumatoid factor related to IgM monoclonal protein, and amyloidosis. 

As stated earlier in this discussion, most non-hema-topoietic malignancies of the mediastinum should be presumed metastatic until proven otherwise. Immunohistologic analysis is only variably productive in establishing a site of origin for secondary carcinomas in this location. If determinants are found that are unassociated with PTCs, such as TTF-1, thyroglobulin, prostate-specific antigen, S-100 protein, FLAP, CA 19-9 (an enteric carcinoma marker), or CA 125 (a serosal and Mullerian tract marker),it is likely that the lesion is a metastasis. Conversely, the presence of coexpression of keratin 5/6, p63, and CD5 would, at least tentatively, appear to support a thymic origin for such a neoplasm. 

Bates AW, Baithun SI. Secondary neoplasms of the bladder are histological mimics of nontransitional cell primary tumours clinicopathological and histological features of 282 cases. His-topathology. 2000 36 32. 

McClu age WG, Bissonnette JP, Young RH. Primary malignant melanoma of the ovary A report of 9 definite or probable cases with emphasis on their morphologic diversity and mimicry of other primary and secondary ovarian neoplasms. Int J Gynecol Pathol. 2006 25 321-329. 

---