Cancer prevalence

SR051 Boon, H., K. Westlake, M. Stewart, et al. Use of complementary/alternative medicine by men diagnosed with prostate cancer prevalence and characteristics. Urology 2003 62(5) 849-853. 

EW Sydenham, PG Thiel, WFO Marasas, GS Shephard, DJ Van Schalkwyk, KR Koch. Natural occurence of some fusarium mycotoxins in com from low and high esophageal cancer prevalence areas of Transkei, Southern Africa. J Agric Food Chem 38 1900-1903, 1990. 

Despite the large number of lipophiles and hydrophiles to which these workers were exposed, only one cancer type was reported, in offspring only, and no unusual cancer prevalences were identified for the exposed workers. 

Cancer is a group of diseases that result from abnormal and prolific cellular division. Based on current U.S. National Cancer Institute s Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) of cancer prevalence, it is estimated that more than 10 million people were living with cancer in the United States in 2005 (NCI 2008). The American Cancer Society predicts that 1 in 2 males and 1 in 3 females will develop some type of cancer in their lifetime, and that 1 in 4 males and 1 in 5 females is at risk of dying from this disease (NCI 2007a,b). Cancer is undoubtedly a substantial threat to public health. 

One of die reasons why radiologists may have increased recall rate when first using CADe is that false detection rate of CADe is high, especially when compared with the number of correct marks. Given that the cancer prevalence in a screening population is 5 per 1,000 women screened, at most there will be ten correct CADe marks and 1,000 false marks. As illustrated in Table 6.3, the false detection of current CADe schemes would have to decrease by at least a factor of 10 to be comparable with the false detection rate by radiologists. 

Cancer prevalences worldwide continue to grow at alarming rates that cannot be accounted for solely by genetic predisposition. Epidemiological and laboratory studies... 

National Cancer Institute, Cancer prevalence data, www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/types/ breast, 2010. 

In the veterinary as in the human patient, neoplasms are often metastatic and widely disseminated throughout the body. Surgery and irradiation are limited in use to weU-defined neoplastic areas and, therefore, chemotherapy is becoming more prevalent in the management of the veterinary cancer victim (see Chemotherapeutics, anticancer). Because of the expense and time involved, such management must be restricted to individual animals for which a favorable risk—benefit evaluation can be made and treatment seems appropriate to the practitioner and the owner. In general, treatment must be viewed not as curative, but as palliative. 

Central to epidemiology is the use of rates to express the health experience of populations. Rates arc important because epidemiology is inherently a comparative discipline. An epidemiologist is constantly attempting to compare the disease experience of a study population with that of a comparison population, A rate is nothing more than a specialized proportion in which the counts of people with a particular disease are placed over a denominator that is composed of people who are at risk, i,e, who have a chance of dcr cloping the disease. Men, for example, would not be included in the denominator used to calculate the prevalence or incidence of uterine cancer,... 

Kaposi sarcoma (KS) - an angiogenic-inflammatory neoplasm - is the most prevalent cancer in HIV-infected patients and its appearance is preceded by infection with human Heipesvitus-8 (HHV-8). Although chemotherapy has become the treatment of choice approved by the FDA, there are also good response rates in patients treated with IFN-a. Fortunately, today highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has dramatically decreased the incidence of KS in AIDS patients. 

Scitovsky et al. (1986) calculated the average cost per AIDS-related hospital admission as US 9,024 ranging from US 7,026 to US 23,425. A more comprehensive picture is presented by Scitovsky and Rice (1987), who estimated provider cost of the AIDS epidemic in the United States in 1985, 1986, and 1991, based on prevalence estimates provided by the Center for Disease Control (CDC). They predicted that the core provider costs of AIDS would rise from US 630 million in 1985 to US 1.1 billion in 1986 and to US 8.5 billion in 1991. The authors compared their estimates of the cost of AIDS in the USA with the estimates for end-stage renal disease (US 2.2 billion), traffic accidents (US 5.6 billion), lung cancer (US 2.7 billion), and breast cancer (US 2.2 billion). They concluded that the core provider costs of AIDS were relatively low in comparison with the provider costs of all illness as well as the costs of these other diseases. However, they also assessed the non-care costs (e.g., for research) to rise from US 319 million in 1985 to US 542 million in 1986 and to US 2.3 billion in 1991. 

Knowledge of the biochemistry of the porphyrins and of heme is basic to understanding the varied functions of hemoproteins (see below) in the body. The porphyrias are a group of diseases caused by abnormalities in the pathway of biosynthesis of the various porphyrins. Although porphyrias are not very prevalent, physicians must be aware of them. A much more prevalent clinical condition is jaundice, due to elevation of bilirubin in the plasma. This elevation is due to overproduction of bilirubin or to failure of its excretion and is seen in numerous diseases ranging from hemolytic anemias to viral hepatitis and to cancer of the pancreas. 

LIN H J, PROBST-HENSCH N M, LOUIE A D, KAU I H, WITTE J S, INGLES S A, FRANKL H D, LEE E R and HAILE R w (1998) Glutathione transferase null genotype, broccoli and lower prevalence of colorectal adenomas . Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 7 647-52. 

Prevalence rates for a variety of different types of pain have been described. The annual incidence of moderate-intensity back pain is 10% to 15% in the adult population with a point prevalence of 15% to 30%.3 Migraine affects more than 25 million Americans, and 90% of Americans report some other types of headaches (e.g., tension or sinus) each year.4 Pain resulting from fibromyalgia affects 4 million Americans.5 Cancer is commonly associated with both acute and chronic pain, and about 70% of those diagnosed with cancer will experience significant pain.6... 

The acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) was first recognized in 1981, and described in a cohort of young homosexual men with significant immune deficiency. Since then, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) has been clearly identified as the major cause of AIDS.1 HIV-2 is much less prevalent than HIV-1, but also causes AIDS. HIV primarily targets CD4+ lymphocytes, which are critical to proper immune system function. If left untreated, patients experience a prolonged asymptomatic period followed by rapid, progressive immunodeficiency. Therefore, most complications experienced by patients with AIDS involve opportunistic infections and cancers. 

Risk factors for the development of AML include exposure to environmental toxins, Hispanic ethnicity, and genetics.6 Of greater concern is the increased prevalence of AML as a secondary malignancy, resulting from chemotherapy and radiation treatment for other cancers. Alkylating agents, such as ifosfamide and cyclophosphamide, and topoisomerase inhibitors, such as etoposide, are linked to an increased risk of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and AML.8... 

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