Neoplasm primary

Clinically, the signs and symptoms of cancer are as varied and diverse as the types of neoplasm. If the site of origin of the neoplasm (primary tumor) is in an easily observed... 

Now that 80% or more of children survive their primary cancers, the incidence of secondary neoplasms may increase. Recognizing this potential, many treatment regimens for children are being modified appropriately to reduce exposure to alkylators, topoisomerase inhibitors, and radiation. Late effects clinics screen for secondary malignancies and other disease and treatment-related disabilities that accompany childhood cancer. Similar screening and educational opportunities are not currently established in adult survivors. 

When relatively insoluble forms of l44Ce are inhaled, the primary effects are observed in the lungs and tracheobronchial lymph nodes. With large quantities of 144Ce, animals die of radiation pneumonitis and pulmonary fibrosis. The tracheobronchial lymph nodes are atrophic and fibrotic. At lower exposure levels pulmonary neoplasms are a prominent finding. 

Absolute contraindications to fibrinolytic therapy include (1) active internal bleeding (2) previous ICH at anytime (3) ischemic stroke within 3 months (4) known intracranial neoplasm (5) known structural vascular lesion (6) suspected aortic dissection and (7) significant closed head or facial trauma within 3 months. Primary PCI is preferred in these situations. 

Fig. 1. The pathogenesis of metastasis. To produce metastases, tumor cells in a primary neoplasms must complete a series of sequential and selective steps, each of which can be rate limiting because a failure or an insufficiency at any of the steps aborts the process. Reproduced with permission from Fidler, Cancer Research (F5).

Dermal exposure of mice to 1,2-dibromoethane has resulted in cutaneous neoplasms and increased incidences of primary lung tumors. 

The paucity of systemic toxicity data for this chemical appears to be related to primary interest in testing for carcinogenicity. Treatment- related neoplasms developed in rats and mice that were treated with 1,2-diphenylhydrazine in a diet. An inconclusive chronic dermal carcinogenicity study of... 

It is well recognised that the faecal bile acid content of random stool samples is highly variable with marked daily variation.Therefore, studies testing the association between luminal bile acid exposure and the presence of colorectal neoplasia have usually measured serum bile acid levels, which demonstrate less variability and are believed to reflect the total bile acid pool more accurately. Serum DCA levels have been shown to be higher in individuals with a colorectal adenoma compared with individuals without a neoplasm. Only one study has assessed future risk of CRC in a prospective study of serum bile-acid levels. The study was hampered by the small sample size (46 CRC cases). There were no significant differences in the absolute concentrations of primary and secondary bile acids or DCA/CA ratio between cases and controls although there was a trend towards increased CRC risk for those with a DCA/ CA ratio in the top third of values (relative risk 3.9 [95% confidence interval 0.9-17.0 = 0.1]). It will be important to test the possible utility of the DCA/ CA ratio as a CRC risk biomarker in larger, adequately powered studies. A recent study has demonstrated increased levels of allo-DCA and allo-LCA metabolites in the stool of CRC patients compared with healthy controls. ... 

The primary clinical application of the antiproliferative effects of the bisindole alkaloids has been in the treatment of human neoplasms. A variety of experimental antitumor systems have been used to study the antitumor properties of these alkaloids in animal models, and much of the information presented for specific compounds in this chapter highlights these effects. Early studies employed syngeneic mice bearing hematopoietic... 

Oettle, A. G., Primary malignant neoplasms of the lymphoreticular tissues A histological series from white and Bantu races in the Transvaal. In The Lymphoreticular Tumours in Africa (F. C. Roulet, ed.), Vol. 1, pp. 24-35. Karger, Basel, 1963. 

Malignant neoplasms of the nervous system occur with an incidence of 5-6/ 100,000 inhabitants/year [197], Besides meningeomas cerebral gliomas are the most frequent primary brain tumors. Primary treatment comprises surgical resection, irradiation and chemotherapy. However, survival and quality of life are still limited. For the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of brain tumors. 

IFN-a Family. There are 14 human genes that comprise the IFN-a family. These genes generally encode mature polypeptides with either 165 or 166 amino acids and have a 15% to 25% variation in primary amino-acid sequence. Minor variants consisting of one or two amino-acid differences account for multiple alleles. Thirteen separate proteins are expressed from these 14 genes (Table 7.1), each with a different profile of antiviral and antiproliferative activity [40,41]. Evidence for cell specificity of IFN-a subtypes has been reported. For example, IFN-al has greater antiproliferative effects on B-cell neoplasms, whereas IFN-a2 is more specific for other malignancies [42]. When assayed on human cells, IFN-al has less antiviral activity than IFN-a2 [43]. Nevertheless, IFN-al has potent antiviral activity in bovine-, feline-, and primate-derived cells [44]. Fur-... 

The results of these preclinical tumor studies revealed that distant primary and metastatic tumors may be treated by i.m. injection of a therapeutic pDNA. This type of anti-cancer therapy could be useful for the treatment of human neoplasms. One advantage of this type of therapy is that tumors in organs that are difficult to access may be treated by a simple i.m. injection. The therapy may also prevent the growth and spread of metastases. 

The epilepsies are estimated to affect 20-40 million individuals worldwide and are more common in children than in adults. They are classified into two broad groups primary or idiopathic epilepsy is the term applied to those types for which no specific cause can be identified, and secondary or symptomatic epilepsy arises when the symptoms are associated with trauma, neoplasm, infection, cerebrovascular disease or some other physically induced lesion of the brain. Seizures that accompany severe metabolic disturbances are not classified as epilepsy. 

Lymphoid neoplasms are divided into three main categories B cell neoplasms, T/NK cell neoplasms, and Hodgkin lymphoma. The B and T/NK cell neoplasms are further divided into precursor B and mature B cell neoplasms and into precursor T and mature T/NK cell neoplasms, respectively. The mature B cell and T/NK neoplasms consist of a variety of different neoplastic lymphoid entities, which can be grouped based on primary clinical presentation or based on median survivals without treatment reflecting biologic behavior. However, due to the large number of separate entities, only the more common lesions will be discussed. For information concerning the entities not discussed here or for more in-depth information, the... 

Primary epilepsy When no specific anatomic cause for the seizure, such as trauma or neoplasm, is evident the syndrome is called idiopathic or primary epilepsy. These seizures may be produced by an inherited abnormality in the central nervous system (CNS). Patients are treated chronically with antiepileptic drugs, often for life. 

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