Oil, fuel

Types - There are two basic types of fuel oil distillate fuel oil (lighter, thinner, better for cold-start) and residual fuel oil (heavier, thicker, more powerful, better lubrication). Often, some distillate is added to residual fuel oil to get a desired viscosity. They are only used for industrial and marine applications because, although fuel oil is cheaper than diesel oil, it is more difficult to handle it must be settled, pre-heated and filtered, and leave a sludge at the bottom of the tanks. Notice that sometimes, particularly in the USA, the term fuel oil also includes diesel and kerosene. 

Composition - Distillate fuel oils are similar to diesel oil. Residual fuel oil consists of semi-liquid phase with dispersed solid or semi-solid particles (asphaltenes, minerals and other leftovers from the oil source, metallic particles from the refinery equipment, and some dumped chemical wastes), plus some 0.5% water. Residual fuel oil leaves a carbonaceous residue in the tanks and may have up to 5% of sulfur. Residual fueloil-C (or bunker-C) has a composition of 88%wt C, 10%wt H, l%wt S, 0.5%wt H O, 

Domestic fuels are those used primarily in the home and include kerosene, stove oil, and furnace fuel oil. Diesel fuel oils are also distillate fuel oils, but residual oils have been successfully used to power marine diesel engines, and mixtures of distillates and residuals have been used on locomotive diesels. Heavy fuel oils include a variety of oils ranging from distillates to residual oils that must be heated to 260°C (500°F) or higher before they can be used. In general, heavy fuel oils 

Heavy fuel oils usually contain residuum that is mixed (cut back) to a specified viscosity with gas oils and fractionator bottoms. For some industrial purposes where flames or flue gases contact the product (ceramics, glass, heat treating, open hearth furnaces) fuel oils must be blended to contain minimum sulfur contents low-sulfur residues are preferable for these fuels. 

The manufacture of fuel oils at one time largely involved using what was left after removing the desired products from crude petroleum. Now fuel oil manufacture is a complex matter of selecting and blending various petroleum fractions to meet definite specifications. 

In a transportation context, blasting agents are divided into five categories  

Explosive emulsions are minute droplets of ammonium nitrate solution emulsified to the texture of margarine in a fuel (often diesel). Because the ammonium nitrate remains in solution, it is not an explosive and maintains an inherent high degree of safety during transportation. Emulsions are sensitized just prior to use by the introduction of gas bubbles or glass microballoons which create voids around which ammonium nitrate solidifies (the explosive form). Initiation is caused by the shockwave of a high explosive detonator. 

Aromatic, see Terminology, Organic, p.244 By Mass, see Terminology, By Mass, p.232 Components, explosive train, n.o.s., see Initiating Explosives, p. 119 Desensitized, see Terminology, Desensitized, 

Small arms, see Ammunition, p.8 Solid, see Terminology, Solid, p.247 Wetted, see Terminology, Wetted, p.253 

see Terminology, Metals, p.242 Mixture, see Terminology, Mixture, p.243 Propellant, liquid, see Ammunition, p.8 Propellant, solid, see Ammunition, p.8 Salts, see Terminology, Salts, p.247 Samples, explosive other than initiating 

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Depending on the mix of waste being burnt, the incinerator may or may not require auxiliary firing from fuel oil or natural gas. 

As shown in Table 2.4, atomic absorption is extremely sensitive. It is particularly suited to the analyses of arsenic and lead in gasolines, for sodium in fuel oils (where it is the only reliable method) and for mercury in gas condensates. 

This product, given the abbreviation FOD (fuel-oil domestique) in France, still held a considerable market share there of 17 Mt in 1993. However, since 1973 when its consumption reached 37 Mt, FOD has seen its demand shrink gradually owing to development of nuclear energy and electric heating. FOD also faces strong competition with natural gas. Nevertheless, its presence in the French, European and worldwide petroleum balance will still be strong beyond tbe year 2000. 

In France there are four categories of heavy fuels whose specifications are given in Table 5.19 the different product qualities are distinguished essentially by the viscosity, equal to or less than 110 mm /s at SOT for No. 1 fuel oil, equal to or greater than 110 mm /s for No. 2 fuel oil, and by the sulfur content varying from 4 wt. % (No. 2 fuel oil) to 1 wt. % (No. 2 TBTS - very low sulfur content fuel oil). 

The flroduction of No. 1 fuel oil is thus quite marginal whereas the BTS and TBTS products will be undergoing important development in the coming years. In applications as diesel fuel, ordinary No. 2 fuel, and No. 2 BTS fuel are the most commonly used. 

Examination of the diagram in Figure 5.15 enabies the temperature range to be found for various No. 2 fuel oils. 

In the past, reducing the sulfur content was mainly concerned with the heaviest products, most particularly the fuel oils. This development is explained by a legitimate concern to reduce SO2 emissions, notably in areas around large population centers. This is how low sulfur heavy fuels —having a maximum of 2% sulfur— and very low sulfur ( % sulfur) came into being. Currently the whole range of petroleum products, particularly motor fuels, should be strongly desulfurized for reasons we will explain hereafter. 

Specifications and test methods for heavy fuel oil (in France, FOL). The French specifications distinguish two grades FOL No. 1 and the heavier ... 

At the end of the 1960 s, oil refining underwent significant transformation linked to the continuous increase in the need for light products (gasoline-diesel oil) at the expense of heavy products (fuel-oils) as shown in Table 10.1. 

Vacuum distillation of the atmospheric residue complements primary distillation, enabli r.ecoyery of heavy distillate cuts from atmospheric residue that will un r o further conversion or will serve as lube oil bases. The vacuum residue containing most of the crude contaminants (metals, salts, sediments, sulfur, nitrogen, asphaltenes, Conradson carbon, etc.) is used in asphalt manufacture, for heavy fuel-oil, or for feed for others conversion processes. 

The visbreaking process thermally cracks atmospheric or vacuum residues. Conversion is limited by specifications for marine or Industrial fuel-oil stability and by the formation of coke deposits in equipment such as heaters and exchangers. 

Applied to vacuum residue, its purpose is to reduce the viscosity of the feedstock to a maximum so as to minimize the addition of light diluents for production of fuel-oil for industrial uses. 

The conversion takes place at high temperature (820-850°C) and very short residence time (hundredth of seconds) in the presence of steam. The by-products are hydrogen, methane and a highly aromatic residual fuel-oil. 

Its purpose is to partially convert heavy fractions highly contaminated by natural compounds such as sulfur, nitrogen, metals Ni, V, and asphaltenes and to prepare feedstocks for deeper conversion or to produce low-sulfur fuel-oil. 

The flowscheme of the typical refinery during the period 1950-1970 was essentially focused on the production of gasoline, diesel oil, domestic heating oil and industrial fuel-oil. Except for heavy naphtha, the product streams underwent no deep conversion. 

Residual fuel-oil represented more than 20 to 25% of the crude and the content in pollutants (sulfur, nitrogen, metals) increased. 

The increase in demand for good quality white products and the reduced consumption of fuel-oil related to pollution controls are going to be important factors in residue processing and heavy oil conversion in the years to come. 

Heavy residue conversion is linked to the demand for high quality diesel motor fuel (aromatics content 10%, cetane number 55) as well as to the demand for production of light fuel-oil having very low sulfur, nitrogen and metal contents. 

Oxidation stability (distillate fuel oil) NF M 07-047 ISO/DlS 12205 ASTM D 2274 Measurement of precipitate after 16 h of oxygen sparging at 95°C... 

Fuel economy Fuel-fired furnaces Fuel gas Fuel oil... 

Heat-transfer media Heat-transfer medium Heat-transfer oils Heat-transfer view Heat treating polyester Heat treatment Heavy crude oil Heavy-duty engines Heavy fuel oil Heavy gas oil Heavy metal Heavy metals... 

Nocolok 100 Flux NOx contiol Noctal Noctamid n-octanol Nod factois No. 2 fuel oil... 

Residential sheathing Residual fuel Residual fuel oil Residual gas analyzers... 

Furfuryl alcohol is comparable to kerosene or No. 1 fuel oil in flammabiUty, the Tag Closed Cup flash point is 170°F. In the presence of concentrated mineral acids or strong organic acids, furfuryl alcohol reacts with explosive violence. Therefore, precautions should be taken to avoid contact of such materials with the alcohol. Caution is also recommended to avoid over-catalysis in the manufacture of furfuryl alcohol resins. 

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