Composition of fuel oil

The evolution of a particular compound is determined by the rate of droplet vaporization, the relative volatility and diffusi-vity in the liquid phase of the compound in question. Because of the complex composition of fuel oils, it is difficult to separate the relative importance of these effects since the measured nitrogen evolution is a summation of many fractions, each of which is influenced to a different extent. In order to reveal the role of diffusion and relative volatility in the evolution of fuel nitrogen, a complementary set of experiments were performed using n-dodecane doped with pyridine, quinoline or acridine. 

Fuel oil 1 is a light petroleum distillate (straight-run kerosene) consisting primarily of hydrocarbons in the range C9-C16 (ATSDR 1995g). Fuel oil 1 is very similar in composition to diesel fuel oil 1 the primary difference is in the additives. The typical hydrocarbon composition of fuel oil 1 is presented in Table E-4.b (Appendix E). 

Residual fuel oils are generally more complex in composition and impurities than distillate fuels. Limited data are available on the composition of fuel oil 6 (ATSDR 1995g). Clark et al. (1990) indicate that fuel oil 6 includes about 25% aromatics, 15% paraffins, 45% naphthenes, and 15% non-... 

The chemical composition of fuel oil is extremely complex, and an extremely high number of compounds can be present through the hydrocarbon types, the range of isomeric hydrocarbons (Table 9.2), and the various types and isomers of heteroatom constituents. Therefore, it is not practical to perform individual compound analyses but it is often helpful to define the compounds present under broad classifications, such as aromatics, paraffins, naphthenes, and olefins. 

Influence of the chemical composition of fuels on emissions of toxic materials (auto/oil program). 

Montagne, X., D. Merrier and J.-C. Guibet (1987), "Fouling of automotive diesel injectors. Test procedure, influence of composition of diesel oil and additives". SAE paper No. 87-2118, International fuels and lubricants meeting, Toronto, Ontario. 

Composition of synthesis gas from steam reforming natural gas and partial oxidation of fuel oil ... 

Table 7.2 Composition of pyrolysis oil and comparison with other fuels.

Information regarding the chemical identity of fuel oils is located in Table 3-1. Information on the composition of selected fuel oils, specifically fuel oil no. 2 and kerosene, is presented in Table 3-2. 

ANFO can be mixed directly in the shot-hole by first pouring the ammonium nitrate into the shot-hole followed by the fuel oil. The main advantage of mixing on site is that no safety procedures are required for the transportation of fuel oil and ammonium nitrate, since fuel oil and ammonium nitrate are not classed as explosives. It is only when they are mixed together that the composition becomes an explosive substance. 

Several factors will conceivably influence the retention. Not all poisons will be retained to the same extent. Retention of any given element might depend on its amount in the fuel and oil on the composition of fuel and oil on the operation variables of the engine on the design of the exhaust system on temperature, shape, size, position of the catalyst, and the atmosphere to which it is exposed the service time of the system etc. It may, or may not, vary linearly with any of these parameters. 

Liquid chromatography (also called adsorption chromatography) has helped to characterize the group composition of crude oils and hydrocarbon products since the beginning of this century. The type and relative amount of certain hydrocarbon classes in the matrix can have a profound effect on the quality and performance of the hydrocarbon product. The fluorescent indicator adsorption (FIA) method (ASTM D-1319) has been used to measure the paraffinic, olefinic, and aromatic content of gasoline, jet fuel, and liquid products in general (Suatoni and Garber, 1975 Miller et al., 1983 Norris and Rawdon, 1984). 

Robinson, E. T., "Composition of Shale Oil and Shale Oil Derived Fuel, Conference on the Composition of Transportation Synfuels, Southwest Research Institute. 

This profile covers total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), which is defined as the measurable amount of petroleum-based hydrocarbon in an environmental medium (Chapter 2). TPH is measured as the total quantity of hydrocarbons without identification of individual constituents. Sources of TPH contamination in the environment range from crude oil, to fuels such as gasoline and kerosene, to solvents, to mineral-based crankcase oil and mineral-based hydraulic fluids. These products contain not only a large number and variety of petroleum hydrocarbons, but also other chemicals that, strictly speaking, are not the subject of this profile, such as non-hydrocarbon additives and contaminants. The TPH issue is further complicated by the number of petroleum-derived hydrocarbons that have been identified—more than 250—and the variability in composition of crude oils and petroleum products (see Section 3.2 and Appendices D and E for details). 

The storage stability of fuel oil may also be influenced by the crude oil origin, hydrocarbon composition, and refinery treatment (especially if unsaturated constituents are present). Fuel oil containing unsaturated hydrocarbons has a greater tendency to form sediment on aging than the straight-run fuel oils. Unsaturated hydrocarbon constituents can be determined by the bromine number. (ASTM D-1159, ASTM D-2710, IP 130). 

Composition - Distillate fuel oils are similar to diesel oil. Residual fuel oil consists of semi-liquid phase with dispersed solid or semi-solid particles (asphaltenes, minerals and other leftovers from the oil source, metallic particles from the refinery equipment, and some dumped chemical wastes), plus some 0.5% water. Residual fuel oil leaves a carbonaceous residue in the tanks and may have up to 5% of sulfur. Residual fueloil-C (or bunker-C) has a composition of 88%wt C, 10%wt H, l%wt S, 0.5%wt H O,... 

Exit flue gas composition can indicate excess or low feed of fuel oil (or combustible reactants such as sulphur, ammonia). Provide online analyser for C02 %, free oxygen %, etc. or check gas analysis by Orsat apparatus. Test exit gases for sooty particles by clean filter paper for any excess oil feed. 

The main sulphur-bearing impurities of fuel oils are generally mercap-tans, sulphides, disulphides, thiophenes and benzothiophenes. Because of differences between petrol and diesel oil compositions, they will have different optimal desulphurization RTILs. In both cases, the central task in designing an RTIL-based separation system is to find an RTIL that dissolves the sulphurbearing compounds without dissolving the hydrocarbons. Because of the great solvent power of most RTILs, this task is not easy. For example, [Omim][BF4] dissolves thiophene very weU, and is practically immiscible with cyclohexane... 

Since the form of the deposits produced and their adhesive properties are determined by different factors (ash composition, particle size, temperature, state of the surface being cleaned, etc.), the best means of cleaning must be considered separately in each specific case. The ash from different fuels may in fact differ considerably. Whereas the m mum size of the ash from coal-dust furnaces is no greater than 120 n, that from shale furnaces reaches 300 M, while the mean diameter of the ash particles from Pechorsk coal [459] fluctuates between 3.5 and 125 p. On the other hand, the light-brown deposits of aluminosilicates are fine and easily blown away, while the dark Fe304 and Fe203 are very hard and the boiler has to be put out of service in order to remove them [457] the deposits formed in the combustion of fuel oil are also extremely hard to remove. 

A. V. Sinyavskii, Effect of the Introduction of Lime into the Gas Ducts of Boilers on the Structure and Composition of the Ash Deposits Formed on the Combustion of Fuel Oil, Ordzhonikidze (1957). 

Fish absorb hydrocarbons primarily from the water, although ingestion of tainted food also leads to tissue contamination. Rate of uptake depends directly upon exposure concentration and lipid content of the fish. Apparently, the various components of petroleum hydrocarbons are sorbed at different rates and are also selectively deposited in specific tissues. For example. Whittle etaL (1977) treated juvenile herring with " C-hexadecane and C-benzo[a]pyrene to determine the sites of deposition of these compounds. It was then shown that 59% of the hexadecane was found in the muscle, whereas 8% and 3% occurred in the mesenteric fat and stomach fat, respectively. By contrast, the corresponding values for benzo[a]pyrene were 0.1, 0.02, and 87.1%, respectively. In most cases, the rate of depuration is rapid but once again depends on the chemical composition of the oil, lipid content of the fish, and environmental factors such as temperature. Although the maximum half-life of /2-alkanes in kerosene-tainted mullet was 18 days, the concentration of naphthalenes in gulf killifish exposed to No. 2 fuel oil declined to nondetectable levels within 15 days (Connell and Miller, 1981). 

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