Oil and Fuel Additives

Historically, the commercial functionalization of oil and fuel additive polymers has been a complex multi step process. However, commercial implementation of in situ functionalization could reduce 

In addition, in fuel compositions or lubricating oil compositions, poly(isobutyl) N-substituted pyrrole compounds are particularly useful as a detergent-dispersants. The additives can be synthesized via a carbocationic polymerization (5). 

An improved two-cycle oil is a combination of poly(isobutylene) amine and a nitrogen containing dispersant (70). Poly(isobutylene) amine can be prepared by chlorination or hydroformylation of PIB, and subsequent amination with ethylene diamine or similar compounds. Eventually, poly(alkyleneamine)s are obtained by these procedures. These compounds are added in amounts of 6-7%. A two-cycle engine lubricating oil composition has typically a composition as given in Table 6.6. 

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Polyalkylene polyamines find use in a wide variety of applications by virtue of their unique combination of reactivity, basicity, and surface activity. With a few significant exceptions, they arc used predominantly as intermediates in the production of functional products. End-use profiles for the various ethyleneamines include fungicide, oil and fuel additives, polyamides/epoxy curing, paper resins, chelaiing agents, fabric sofieners/surfactanls, petroleum production, bleach activator, and anlhelmimics/pharmaceulicals. 

Ethylenediamines are used in the following products lube oil and fuel additives (20%), chelating agents (16%), wet-strength resins (15%), epoxy curing agents and polyamides (13%), surfactants (10%), oil field chemicals (7%), and miscellaneous (19%). 

Table I. Comparison of Oil and Fuel Additives as Catalyst Poisons...

Many other phosphorus compounds can be made from PCI3. Industrially, it is important as a source of organophosphorus compounds for oil and fuel additives, plasticizers and insecticides. 

Hydrotreating has been proposed by Arbokem Inc. in Canada as a means of converting Grade Tall Oil into biofuels and fuel additives. However, this process is a hydrogenation process which produces hydrocarbons rather than biodiesel. Recently a process for making biodiesel from crude tall oil has been proposed. It relies on the use of an acid catalysts or of an acyl halide for the esterification reaction, but no information is given on the properties of this fuel, particularly concerning the oxidative stability. 

AM Kuliev. Chemistry and Technology of Additives to Oils and Fuels. Moscow Khimiya 1972 [in Russian],... 

TPUs generally show good resistance to conventional oils, greases, gas oil and fuels without alcohol however, certain additives in high-performance oils can be incompatible with the TPUs. 

COPEs have good resistance to non-aromatic oils and greases, and aliphatic hydrocarbons. However, the additives in high-performance oils, and fuels containing alcohol or rich in aromatic hydrocarbons can cause degradation or excessive swelling. 

Hydrotreating has been proposed by Arbokem in Canada [47] as a means of converting crude tall oil into biofuels and fuel additives. However, this process is a hydrogenation process that produces hydrocarbons rather than biodiesel. 

Fuels Natural gas, LPG, propane/butane, distillates, gasoline, diesel, fuel oil, syn-fuels, additives Liquid and gas - transmission Composition monitoring, Octane and cetane number measurements... 

The micellar CuO additive is characterized by a high improvement in lubricant and fuel properties. A concentration of the additive at about 0.006% is needed in the motor oil and fuel products to note provide improvement of its maintenance properties. 

Total removal of phosphorus and sulfur would require the use of synthetic base-oils and new additive systems to provide antiwear antioxidation protection. Synthetic base-oil PAOs or esters have high values of viscosity improver VI and low temperature operating properties. The lubricants in diesel engines require a reduction in Ca carbonate-sulfonate concentrations. This may be less of a problem when ultra low sulfur diesel fuel is widely deployed, since a significant part of the requirement for these additives arises from the need to neutralize sulfur oxides from combustion processes. 

The disadvantage of curing fluoroelastomers by ionic mechanism is that dehy-drofluorination required for this reaction produces considerably more double bonds than required for the cross-linking itself. This excess of unsaturation represents weak points in the polymeric chain, which can be attacked by basic substances contained in a contact fluid. This has been actually found when parts cured by this method were exposed to new oil and fuels containing basic additives.19 20... 

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