Fuel oils distilled

Basic box models cannot portray effects of nonuniform source patterns. If, for particular chemical species or particular source classes, the dependence of emissions on population density or other identifiable parameters is apparent and significant, we have used modifications to the box modeling approach. As an example, it might be assumed in modeling products of combustion of the lighter fuel oil distillates that source distribution patterns are proportional to population density patterns, because most of such fuel is burned in residential furnaces in cold weather cities. 

Industry Total Residual fuel oil Distillate fuel oil Natural gas Coal... 

Types - There are two basic types of fuel oil distillate fuel oil (lighter, thinner, better for cold-start) and residual fuel oil (heavier, thicker, more powerful, better lubrication). Often, some distillate is added to residual fuel oil to get a desired viscosity. They are only used for industrial and marine applications because, although fuel oil is cheaper than diesel oil, it is more difficult to handle it must be settled, pre-heated and filtered, and leave a sludge at the bottom of the tanks. Notice that sometimes, particularly in the USA, the term "fuel oil" also includes diesel and kerosene. 

Diesel fuels, distillate (light) (Vol. 45 1989) Fuel oils, distillate (light) (Vol. 45 1989)... 

Lubricating oil and heavy fuel oil distill from the column at temperatures above... 

Vacuum distillation of the atmospheric residue complements primary distillation, enabli r.ecoyery of heavy distillate cuts from atmospheric residue that will un r o further conversion or will serve as lube oil bases. The vacuum residue containing most of the crude contaminants (metals, salts, sediments, sulfur, nitrogen, asphaltenes, Conradson carbon, etc.) is used in asphalt manufacture, for heavy fuel-oil, or for feed for others conversion processes. 

Oxidation stability (distillate fuel oil) NF M 07-047 ISO/DlS 12205 ASTM D 2274 Measurement of precipitate after 16 h of oxygen sparging at 95°C... 

Thermal Cracking. In addition to the gases obtained by distillation of cmde petroleum, further highly volatile products result from the subsequent processing of naphtha and middle distillate to produce gasoline, as well as from hydrodesulfurization processes involving treatment of naphthas, distillates, and residual fuels (5,61), and from the coking or similar thermal treatment of vacuum gas oils and residual fuel oils (5). 

Naphthenic acids occur ia a wide boiling range of cmde oil fractions, with acid content increa sing with boiling point to a maximum ia the gas oil fraction (ca 325°C). Jet fuel, kerosene, and diesel fractions are the source of most commercial naphthenic acid. The acid number of the naphthenic acids decreases as heavier petroleum fractions are isolated, ranging from 255 mg KOH/g for acids recovered from kerosene and 170 from diesel, to 108 from heavy fuel oil (19). The amount of unsaturation as indicated by iodine number also increases in the high molecular weight acids recovered from heavier distillation cuts. 

The word distillate is occasionally used by petroleum chemists with a specialized meaning. Although anything that has been distilled is, of course, a distillate, the term distillate is sometimes used to denote distillate fuel oil as opposed to residual fuel oil. 

Gasoline. The naphtha fraction from cmde oil distillation is ultimately used to make gasoline. The two streams are isolated early in the refining scheme so that each can be refined separately for optimum blending in order to achieve the required specifications (see Gasoline and other motor fuels). 

Domestic fuel oils are those used primarily in the home and include kerosene, stove oil, and furnace fuel oil. Diesel fuel oils are also distillate fuel oils, but residual oils have been successhjlly used to power marine diesel engines, and mixtures of distillates and residuals have been used on locomotive diesels. Heavy fuel oils include a variety of oils, ranging from distillates to residual oils, that must be heated to 260°C or higher before they can be used. In general, heavy fuel oil consists of residual oil blended with distillate to suit specific needs. Heavy fuel oil includes various industrial oils and, when used to fuel ships, is called bunker oil. 

The H-Coal process could operate in one of two modes, depending on the desired product slate. In the "syn-cmde" mode, a fluid-bed coking unit was employed to maximize recovery of distillate from the Hquefaction product (Fig. 7a). When operated in the fuel oil mode (Fig. 7b), no coker was used and the primary product was a coal-derived low sulfur fuel oil. Total hydrogen demand on the process was also reduced in the latter mode of operation. 

ASTM (atmospheric) ASTM D 86 Petroleum fractions or products, including gasolines, turbine fuels, naphthas, kerosines, gas oils, distillate fuel oils, and solvents that do not tend to decompose when vaporized at 760 mmHg... 

Bunker-fuel specifications for merchant vessels are described by ASTM D 2069, Standard Specification for Marine Fuels. Deep draft vessels carry residual (e.g., No. 6 fuel oil) or distillate-residual blend for main propulsion, plus distillate for start-up, shutdown, maneuvering, deck engines, and diesel generators. Main-propulsion fuel is identified principally by its viscosity in centistokes at 373 K. Obsolete designations include those based on Redwood No. 1 seconds at 100°F (311 K) (e.g., "MD 1500 ) and the designations "Bunker A for No. 5 fuel oil and "Bunker B and "Bunker C for No. 6 fuel oil in the lower-and upper-viscosity ranges, respectively. 

Black, viscous residuum direc tly from the still at 410 K (390°F) or higher serves as fuel in nearby furnaces or may be cooled and blended to make commercial fuels. Diluted with 5 to 20 percent distillate, the blend is No. 6 fuel oil. With 20 to 50 percent distillate, it becomes No. 4 and No. 5 fuel oils for commercial use, as in schools and apartment houses. Distillate-residual blends also serve as diesel fuel in large stationaiy and marine engines. However, distillates with inadequate solvent power will precipitate asphaltenes and other high-molecular-... 

Contaminants in fuels, especially alkali-metal ions, vanadium, and sulfur compounds, tend to react in the combustion zone to form molten fluxes which dissolve the protective oxide film on stainless steels, allowing oxidation to proceed at a rapid rate. This problem is becoming more common as the high cost and short supply of natural gas and distillate fuel oils force increased usage of residual fuel oils and coal. 

A modem petroleum refinery is a complex system of chemical and physical operations. The cmde oil is first separated by distillahon into fractions such as gasoline, kerosene, and fuel oil. Some of the distillate fractions are converted to more valuable products by cracking, polymerization, or reforming. The products are treated to remove undesirable components, such as sulfur, and then blended to meet the final product specifications. A detailed analysis of the entire petroleum production process, including emissions and controls, is obviously well beyond the scope of this text. 

Types of fuels ineluded True distillates (naphtha, kerosene, no. 2 diesel, no. 2 fuel oil, JP-4, JP-5) High-quality etudes, slightly eontaminated distillates Navy distillate Residuals and low-grade etude (No. 5 fuel. No. 6 fuel. Bunker C)... 

Sulphur oxides G Sulphur dioxide Sulphur trioxide Coal distillation Combustion of coal and heavy fuel oil Detergents (sulphonation of alkyl benzenes) Electricity generation... 

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