Distillate fuel oil

Oxidation stability (distillate fuel oil) NF M 07-047 ISO/DlS 12205 ASTM D 2274 Measurement of precipitate after 16 h of oxygen sparging at 95°C... 

The word distillate is occasionally used by petroleum chemists with a specialized meaning. Although anything that has been distilled is, of course, a distillate, the term distillate is sometimes used to denote distillate fuel oil as opposed to residual fuel oil. 

Domestic fuel oils are those used primarily in the home and include kerosene, stove oil, and furnace fuel oil. Diesel fuel oils are also distillate fuel oils, but residual oils have been successhjlly used to power marine diesel engines, and mixtures of distillates and residuals have been used on locomotive diesels. Heavy fuel oils include a variety of oils, ranging from distillates to residual oils, that must be heated to 260°C or higher before they can be used. In general, heavy fuel oil consists of residual oil blended with distillate to suit specific needs. Heavy fuel oil includes various industrial oils and, when used to fuel ships, is called bunker oil. 

ASTM (atmospheric) ASTM D 86 Petroleum fractions or products, including gasolines, turbine fuels, naphthas, kerosines, gas oils, distillate fuel oils, and solvents that do not tend to decompose when vaporized at 760 mmHg... 

Contaminants in fuels, especially alkali-metal ions, vanadium, and sulfur compounds, tend to react in the combustion zone to form molten fluxes which dissolve the protective oxide film on stainless steels, allowing oxidation to proceed at a rapid rate. This problem is becoming more common as the high cost and short supply of natural gas and distillate fuel oils force increased usage of residual fuel oils and coal. 

Table 15.4 shows typical applications for the range of oil fuels for use with major prime movers. Medium/high-speed diesel engines generally use distillate fuel oils while medium/low-speed units generally bum residual fuels. The gas turbine, which normally operates on liquid distillate fuels, is capable of running on residual fuels, although examples of these are normally associated with crude production facilities. 

Gulf intended to produce chiefly distillate fuel oil in the West Virginia plant. This is a low sulfur (less than 0.3 percent) nonpolluting fuel for the production of electrical power and steam in the eastern United States, where utilities and industry presently use natural petroleum fuel oil. Gulf claimed that a larger commercial-size plant processing 30,000 tons of coal daily would yield 60,000 barrels of distillate fuel oil or enough to meet the electrical demands of a city with one million inhabitants. 

Fuel oil is classified in several ways, but generally, may be divided into two main types (1) distillate fuel oil and (2) residual fuel oil. These classifications... 

Industry Total Residual fuel oil Distillate fuel oil Natural gas Coal... 

Imports of distillate fuels have varied from year to year since the 1970s. Since 1975, imports of distillate fuel oils such as fuel oils no. 1 and no. 2 into the United States have been low compared to the amount of distillate fuel oils produced in the United States (API 1991). Annual import volumes fluctuated between... 

Exports of fuel oil no. 1 between 1972 and 1975 ranged from 14,000 tons in 1972 to 98,000 tons in 1975 (HSDB 1991). Exports of distillate fuel oils (which include fuel oil no. 1, fuel oil no. 2, diesel fuel, and fuel oil no. 4) increased almost 100-fold between 1975 and 1990 (API 1991). In 1975, a yearly average of... 

U.S. consumption of distillate fuels used for heating decreased gradually between 1979 and 1983 (lARC 1989). The annual domestic demand for distillate fuel oils was approximately 1,214,355,000 barrels in 1979, decreasing to 981,850,000 barrels in 1983. The U.S. demand for distillate fuels subsequently rose from 1984 to 1989, reaching an annual maximum of 1,248,700,000 barrels in 1989 (API 1991). The annual domestic demand for residual fuel oils also decreased between 1979 (1,034,800,000 barrels) and 1985 (475,600,000 barrels). After 1985, the demand varied from an annual average of 561,000,000 barrels in 1986 to 486,180,000 barrels in 1990 (API 1991). Finally, the average annual domestic demand for kerosene decreased from 68,990,000 barrels in 1979 to 16,790,000 barrels in 1990 (API 1991). 

Distillate Fuel Oils Diesel Fuel Oils... 

Oxidation Stability of Distillate Fuel Oil (Accelerated Method)... 

Nalco Chemical Company. 1987. Procedures for evaluating the stability of distillate fuel oils. TF-9. Sugar Land, Tex. 

As for similar additives for jet and gas-turbine fuels, the literature is sparse on those distillate fuel-oil additives reported to have definite beneficial influence on actual combustion and is confined largely to claims that certain stability improvers also reduce carbon deposits in preheaters and on burner tips. However, a recent report indicates that ferrocene has recently been groomed for a job as combustion catalyst in home heaters (15). As mentioned previously, this substance is reported to have excellent properties for prevention of carbon formation (2). 

The crude oil delivery system starts with relatively small-diameter gathering lines from individual producing wells to a main-line pump station, from where it is pumped through a larger transmission trunkline to a refinery or other destination. At the refinery, the cmde oil is separated into gasoline, jet fuel, kerosene, distillate fuel oil, etc, and the refined products are transported by products pipelines to markets, storage, shipping terminals, etc. In modem lines, all inputs and outputs are metered, monitored, and remotely controlled by supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) computer systems. 

Heating Oils—A trade term for the group of distillate fuel oils used in healing liom.es and buildings as distinguished from residual fuel oils used in heating and power installations. Both are burned-fuel oils. 

Because of the extremely small values of carbon residue obtained by the Conradson and Ramsbottom methods when applied to the lighter distillate fuel oils, it is customary to distill such products to 10% residual oil and determine the carbon residue thereof. Such values may be used directly in comparing fuel oils, as long as it is kept in mind that the values are carbon residues on 10% residual oil and are not to be compared with straight carbon residues. 

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