Emissions from fuel oil

Turner, D. W., R. L. Andrews, and C. W. Siegmund, "Influence of combustion modification and fuel nitrogen content on nitrogen oxides emissions from fuel oil combustion," presented at 64th Annual AIChE Meeting, San Francisco, Calif., American Institute of Chemical Engineers, New York, November 1971. 

Emissions of soot on the other hand represent a smaller fraction of the overall emission, but are probably of greater concern from the standpoint of visibility and health effects. It has been suggested that soot emissions from fuel oil flames result from processes occurring in the vicinity of individual droplets (droplet soot) before macroscale mixing of vaporized material, and from reactions in the bulk gas stream (bulk soot) remote from individual droplets. Droplet soot appears to dominate under local fuel lean conditions (1, 2), while bulk soot formation occurs in fuel rich zones. Factors which are known to affect soot formation from liquid fuel flames include local stoichiometry, droplet size, gas-droplet relative velocity and fuel properties (primarily C H ratio). 

Ethylene cracking operations produce carbon dioxide emissions from fuel oil consumed in furnace operations and losses as a consequence of operational issues (flaring). Using the above data, the... 

Smith, W. S., Atmospheric Emissions from Fuel Oil Combustion— An... 

Modification and Fuel Nitrogen Content on Nitrogen Oxides Emissions from Fuel Oil Combustion, Esso Research and Engineering Co. Report, Linden, N.J. 1971. 

From Table 3.2(b)/ it may be seen that on current abatement policies/ sulphur emissions are not expected to rise significantly/ taking the Community as a whole/ and could well fall. Of particular note in this respect is the fall in sulphur emissions from fuel oil combustion relative to those of coal. 

Considering the composition of petroleum and petroleum products (Speight, 1994, 1999), it is not surprising that petroleum and petroleum-derived chemicals are environmental pollutants (Loeher, 1992 Olschewsky and Megna, 1992). The world s economy is highly dependent on petroleum for energy production, and widespread use has led to enormous releases to the environment of petroleum, petroleum products, exhaust from internal combustion engines, emissions from oil-fired power plants, and industrial emissions where fuel oil is employed. 

European Program to Investigate Emission from Fuels and Engines (and advisory group consisting of 14 motor companies (ACEA) and 32 oil companies (EUROPIA)). 

The first group of fuels, natural gas, LPG, naphtha and fuel oil, are those which are typically used in furnace operations in the petrochemical industry. This illustrates that moving from fuel oil to natural gas can achieve significant reductions in the carbon emission of a site. However, it must be remembered that on a global (cradle to grave) basis this may overestimate the benefit as these figures ignore the carbon emission in production of the fuel. This can be quite substantial for natural gas when the raw gas in the field is contaminated with carbon dioxide many fields contain 30% (mass basis) or more carbon dioxide which is stripped from the raw gas in gas plant operations in order to produce gas of a quality that can be piped (typically <2% vol.) carbon dioxide. 

Until now, fuel taxes have been excluded from the analysis, except for the minor cost of emission allowances to oil refining, expected to be mirrored by a tax on emissions from fuel production not included in the EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS). Thus, the per km costs depicted in Figure 12.5 may be close to those paid by US consumers, but far from those paid by EU consumers, where high fuel taxes are applied. All the EU countries adhere to the minimum diesel tax of 68.3/GJ and petrol tax of 10.8/GJ and the EU-15 countries (except Spain) apply petrol tax rates from 16-26/GJ. High fuel taxes amplify the effect of the fuel efficiency on the cost per km and thus a cost advantage to the more efficient solution. 

Desulphurisation of oil fuels has been limited to what is seen to be cost-effective. Higher levels of sulphur removal from fuel oil would require very expensive residual desulphurisation or FGD on low load factor power plants. Such measures would only reduce total EEC emissions by a further 13-16%. 

Influence of the chemical composition of the fuel on pollutant emissions from vehicles in the US (auto/oil program). 

Summation of Separate Contributions to Gas or Flame Emissivity Flame emissivity g -t-, due to joint emission from gas and soot has already been treated. If massive-particle emissivity ., such as from fly ash, coal char, or carbonaceous cenospheres from heavy fuel oil, are present, it is recommended that the total emissivity be approximated by... 

The behavior of these pollution roses is intuitively plausible, because considerable hydrocarbon emissions come from motor vehicles which are operated in both winter and summer and travel throughout the urban area. On the other hand, sulfur dioxide is released largely from the burning of coal and fuel oil. Space heating emissions are high in winter and low in summer. The SO2 emissions in summer are probably due to only a few point sources, such as power plants, and result in low average concentrations from each direction as well as large directional variability. 

Air emissions from refineries include fugitive emissions of the volatile constituents in crude oil and its fractions, emissions from the burning of fuels in process heaters, and emissions from the various refinery processes themselves. Fugitive emissions occur throughout refmeries and arise from the thousands of potential fugitive emission sources such as valves, pumps, tanks, pressure relief valves, flanges, etc. 

Acid precipitation, or acid rain, can causes significant impacts on freshwater, coastal, and forested ecosystems (e.g.. Likens et ai, 1996). Both NOi", from NO emissions, and SO from SO2 emissions contribute significantly to acid rain. The relative ratio of SO /NOf in precipitation will be substantially determined by the regional emissions of SO2/NO3. In developed countries, uncontrolled combustion of coal and high-sulfur fuel oil led to significant emissions of SO2, relative to NO Due to strict control of smokestack SO2 emissions in some regions and increasing NO emissions from automobiles, the relative contribution of NOi is expected to increase (Sirois, 1993 Mayewski et ai, 1990). 

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