Aromatics, fuel oil

Furnace Black One of the three principal processes used for making carbon black the others being the Thermal Black and the Channel Black processes. In the Furnace Black process, aromatic fuel oils and residues are injected into a high velocity stream of combustion gases from the complete burning of an auxiliary fuel with an excess of air. Some of the feedstock is burned, but most of it is cracked to yield carbon black and hydrogen. The products are quenched with water. 

Paraffin Olefin Aromatics Fuel oil Cracked gas Residue ... 

Under pressure, these Thiokol rubbers distort, although Thiokol ST is superior to FA. However, they are resistant to petroleum solvents, esters and ketones, aromatic fuels, oils, greases and lacquer thinners, ozone, sunlight and ultraviolet light. This makes them very useful for static seals where no other material will serve. 

The conversion takes place at high temperature (820-850°C) and very short residence time (hundredth of seconds) in the presence of steam. The by-products are hydrogen, methane and a highly aromatic residual fuel-oil. 

Heavy residue conversion is linked to the demand for high quality diesel motor fuel (aromatics content 10%, cetane number 55) as well as to the demand for production of light fuel-oil having very low sulfur, nitrogen and metal contents. 

Better resistance to many chemicals associated with the automobile industry. This covers not only commonly used automobile fuels, oils and greases, but detergents, alcohols, aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons and alkaline chemicals. 

The aniline clo d point is a measure of the paraffinicity of a fuel oil. A high value denotes a highly paraffinic oil while a low value indicates an aromatic, a naphthenic, or a highly cracked oil. The flash point represents the temperature to which a liquid fuel can be heated before a flash appears on its surface upon exposure to a test flame under specified conditions. A knowledge of the flash point is needed to ensure safe handling and storage without fire hazards. 

Heavy residual fuel oils and asphalts are not amenable to gas chromatography and give similar infrared spectra. However, a differentiation can be made by comparing certain absorption intensities [52], Samples were extracted with chloroform, filtered, dried, and the solvent evaporated off at 100 °C for a few minutes using an infrared lamp. A rock salt smear was prepared from the residue in a little chloroform, and the final traces of solvent removed using the infrared lamp. The method, which in effect compares the paraffinic and aromatic nature of the sample, involves calculation of the following absorption intensity ratios ... 

Kerosene or sometimes referred to as Fuel Oil 1 is a refined petroleum distillate. Kerosenes usually have flash points within the range of 37.8 °C to 54.4 °C (100 °F to 130 °F). Therefore unless heated, kerosene will usually not produce ignitable mixtures over its surface. In atmospheric burning smoke production normally occurs. It is commonly used as a fuel and a solvent. In some applications it is treated with sulfuric acid to reduce the content of aromatics, which bum with a smoky flame. 

Hennig [40] has applied ultraviolet spectroscopy to the determination of aromatic constituents of residual fuel oil in hexane extracts of marine sediment samples. Examination of the ultraviolet spectra of samples of an oil pollutant from a beach and crude oil, at various concentrations, revealed strong absorption maxima at approximately 228nm and 256nm. The ratio of the peak heights at these wavelengths is constant for a particular oil, and is independent of concentration. These permit quantitative analysis of sediment samples many months after an oil spill. 

Important applications of liquid-liquid extraction include the separation of aromatics from kerosene-based fuel oils to improve their burning qualities and the separation of aromatics from paraffin and naphthenic compounds to improve the temperature-viscosity characteristics of lubricating oils. It may also be used to obtain, for example, relatively... 

Diesel-like products (jet fuel, diesel. No. 2 fuel oil, kerosene) are moderately volatile products that can evaporate with no residue. They have a low-to-moderate viscosity, spread rapidly into thin slicks, and form stable emulsions. They have a moderate-to-high (usually, high) toxicity to biota, and the specific toxicity is often related to type and concentration of aromatic compounds. They have the ability to penetrate substrate, but fresh (unoxidized) spills are nonadhesive. 

The composition consists of approximately 64% aliphatic hydrocarbons (straight-chain alkanes and cycloalkanes), 1 to 2% unsaturated hydrocarbons (alkenes), and 35% aromatic hydrocarbons (including alkylbenzenes and two- and three-ring aromatics). No 2 fuel oil contains less than 5% polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. 

Residual fuel oil is generally more complex than distillate fuels in composition and impurities. Limited data are available, but there are indications that the composition of No. 6 fuel oil includes (volume basis) aromatics (25%), paraffins (15%), naphthenes (45%), and nonhydrocarbon compounds (15%). Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons and their alkyl derivatives and metals are important hazardous and persistent components of No. 6 fuel oil. 

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